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# Dark Mirrors_ Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology

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Published by State University of New York Press, Albany


© 201 1 State University of New York


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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data



O rlov, Andrei A.



D(lrk mirrors : Azazd and Sat:anael in e(l~ ly jewish demonology/ Andrei A. O rlov.



p. em.
Includes bibliogr.lphical references and indt>x.
ISBN 978-1-4384-3951-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Jewish demonology. 2. Azazel (Jewish mytho logy) 3. Devi l. 4. Apocalypse
of Abraham-Criticism, interpretation, etc. 5. Slavonic book of EnochC riticism, interpretation, etc. 6. Apocryphal books (Old Testament)Translations into Slavic-H istory and critkism. I. Tide.



BM645.D45075 2011
2963' 16-dc22



2011007661



10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I


**Contents**


Preface


Abbreviations


Introduction
Lighdess Shadows: Symmetry of Good and Evi l in
Early Jewish Demonology


Part 1: Azazel


"The Likeness of Heaven": _Kavod_ of A zazel in the
_Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham_


Esch atO logical Yom Kippur in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham:_
The Scapegoat Ritual


The Garment of Azazel in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_


Part II: Satanael



ix


xi


11


27


47



The Watchers of Satanael: The Fallen Angels Traditions

in _2 (Slavonic)_ Enoch 85


Satan and dle Visionary: Apocalyptic Roles of the Adversary

in the Temptation Narrative of the Gospel of Matthew 107


T he Flooded Arbore w ms: The Garden Traditions in the
Slavonic Version of _3_ Baruch and the Book _of_ Giams 113


v ii


viii


Notes


Bibliography


Index



Contents



127


179


197


**Preface**


Along with unpublished studies d1is book contains several essays previously

published in journals and collections inaccessible to many interested readers.
The essays were originally published as follows:



"The Flooded Arboretums: The Garden Traditions in the Slavonic Version

of _3_ _Baruch_ and in the _Book_ _of_ Giants," _Catholic_ _Biblical Q11arterly_ 65
(2003): 184-201.
"The Esch atological Yom Kippur in the _Apocalypse of Abraham:_ TI1e Scapegoat

Ritual," _Symbola_ _Caelestis: Le_ _symbolisme liturgique_ _et paraliturgique dans_
_le_ _monde_ chretien (Scrinium V; eds. And rei Orlov and Basil Lourie;
Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2009), 79- 11 1.
"The Watchers of Satanail: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 _(Slavonic)_

_Enoch,"_ in A. Orlov, _Divine Manifestations_ in _the Slavonic_ _Pseudepigmpha_
(Orientalia Judaica Christiana, 2; Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2009),
237- 68.
"'TI1e Likeness of Heaven': _Kavod_ of Azazel in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_

_\Vith_ _Letters_ _of_ Light: _Studies_ in _the_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls,_ _Early_ _] ewish_
_Apocalypticism,_ _Magic_ _and_ M)•sticism (Eksrasis: Religious Experience
from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, 2; eds. Daphna Arbel and Andrei
Orlov; Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2010), 232- 53.


I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Catholic Biblical
Association of America, Gorgias Press and Walter de Gruyter Publishers
for permission tO reproduce the essays.

The fo rmat and d1e style of d1e original publications have been changed
to comply wid1 the standards of the collection. Some alterations also have
been made clue to printing errors or obvious errors of fact. Some footnotes
have been omitted as they appeared in more than one essay.

I would like ro express my appreciation to Phillip Anderas, Deirdre
Dempsey, Basil Lourie, Oleg Makariev, Amy Ricluer, Kristine Ruffatto, and


ix


X Prefa ce



Nikolai Seleznyov who read various parts of the manuscript and offered
numerous helpful suggestions.
_I_ am grateful to Art Resource, N.Y., for permission to use an iUustration
from a fifteenth-century antiphonary from M useo dell'Opera del Duomo



(Florence, Iraly) as the cover image.



Sincere thanks are also due to Nancy Ellegare, Kelli Williams-LeRoux,
and the editorial team of SUNY Press for their help, patience and
professionalism duri ng preparation of the book for publication.


AAWG


AB
ABAW


AGAJU


AI
An Bib
ANRW
AOASH
ArBib
AsSeign
AT ANT


AThR

ATJ
AUSS

BBET
BBR
BETL
Bib
_B]S_
BN

BR



**Abbreviations**


Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Gottingen
Anchor Bible
Abhandlungen der Bayrischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften

Arbeiten zur Geschich te des antiken Judentums und des

Urchristenrums
Acta lranica

Analecta biblica
Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Aramaic Bible
Assemblees du Seigneur

Abhandlungen zut Theologie des Alten und Ne uen
Testamems
Anglican Theological Review
Ashland Theological Journal
Andrews University Seminary Studies

Beirrage zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie
Bulletin for Biblical Research
Bibliotheca ephemerid-um theologicarum lovaniensium
Biblica
Brown Judaic Studies
Biblische Notizen
Biblical Resea rch


xi


xii


BSac

BSJS

BSOAS

BTB

BVC

BWANT

BZ
CBQ

CBQMS

Comm

ConBNT


CQR

CRlNT
csco
CTQ

DJD

DSD

DT

EB


EJL

Ekstasis


Erjb

ETS

EvQ

EvT

ExpTim

FAT

GCS


HM

HR



Abbreviations


Bibliotheca sacra

Brill's Series in jewish S tudies

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

Biblical Theology Bulletin

Bible et vie chretienne

Beitrlige zur Wissenschaft vom A lten und Neuen Testament

Biblische Zeitschrift

Catholic Biblical Quarterly

Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series

Communio

Coniectanea neotestamemica or Coniectanea biblica: New
Teswment Series
Church Quarterly Review

Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum

Corpus Scriptorum Chrisrianorum Orienrali um

Concordia Theological Quarterly

Discoveries in the J udaean Desert

Dead Sea Discoveries

Deutsche Theologie

Eichstlitter Beitrage. Schriftenreihe der Katholischen
Universitlit Eichstatt

Early Judaism and its Literature

Ekstasis: Religious Experience from Antiquity to the Middle
Ages

Era nos J ahrbuch

E1furrer Theologische Studien

Evangelical Quarterly

Evangelische Theologie

Expository T1mes

Forschungen zum Aleen Testament

Griechischen christl ichen Schriftsteller der ersren
J ahrhunderte

Hallische Monographien

History of Religion


HSM
HSS
HTR
HUCA
HUCM
IEJ
lmm
lnt
)AAR
JAOS
JATS

JBL
)CPS
JECS
JHI
JJS
JJTP

.JQR

.JR
JRS
JRT
JSHRZ

JSJ


JSJSS


JSNT
JSNTSup


JSQ
JSP
JSPSS


JSSSS



Abbreviations xiii


Harvard Semitic Monographs
Harvard Semitic Studies
Harvard Theological Review
Hebrew Union College Annual
Monographs of dle Hebrew Union College
Is rae I Exploration Jo urnal
Immanuel
Interpretation
Journal of the American Academy of Religion
Journal of the American Oriental Society
Journal of the Adventist Theological Society
Journal of Biblical Literature
Jewish and Christian Perspecti ves Series
Journal of Early Christian Studies
Journal of the History of Ideas
Journal of Jewish Studies
Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy
Jewish Quarterly Review
Journal of Religion
Journal of Roman Studies
Journal of Reformed Theology
)udische Schriften aus hellenistisch-romischer Zeit
Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic

and Roman Period
Journal for me Study of Judaism in dle Persian, Hellenistic

and Roman Period: Supplement Series
Journal for the Study of the New Testament
Journal for me Study of me New Testament: Supplement
Series
Jewish Studies Quarterly
Journal for me Study of me Pseudepigrapha
Journal for me Study of me Pseudepigrapha: Supplement
Series
Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement Series


xiv


JTS
JU
JZWL

LCL
LumVie
NHS
NovTSup
NT
NTAbh
NTOA
NTS
NSBT
OBS
OTF

PTS
PVTG
QD

RB
RechBib
RelSoc
ResQ
RevQ
RevScRel

RHPR
RSR
SBLDS
SBLSCS


SBLSP
SBT
ScEccl
SHR

SJ
SJLA



Abbreviations


Journal of Theological Studies
Judemum und Umwelt

)Udische Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaft und Leben
Loeb Classical Library
Lumiere et vie
Nag Hammadi Studies
Supplements to Novum Testamentum
Novum Testamentum
Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen
Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus
New Testament Studies
New Studies in Biblical Theology
Osteneichische Biblische Studien
Oriental Translation **Fund**
Parristische Texte und Srudien
Pseudepigrapha Yeteris Testamenti Graece
Quaestiones disputatae
Revue biblique
Recherches bibliques

Re ligion and Society
Restora tion Quarterly
Revue de Qumran
Revue des sciences religieuses
Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses
Recherches de science religieuse
Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series
Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate
Studies
Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers
Studies in Biblical Theology
Sciences ecclesiastiques
Studies in the History of Religions (supplement to Numen)
Studia judaica
Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity


XV



SJT
SNTSMS
so
SP

SSEJC
ST

_ST D]_
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TTPS

TV
TZ

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vc
VT
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WUNT
WZKM

YJS
ZAW
ZDPV

ZM
ZNW


ZST



Abbreviations


Studies in Jungian Thought
Society of New Testament Studies Monograph Series
Symbolae Osloensis
Studia Parristica
Studies in Scripture in Early j udaism and Christianity
Studia theologica
Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah
Studia neotestamentica
Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha
Themes in Biblical Narrative

Text-Critical Studies

Translations of Early Documents
Theologische Lite raturzeitung
Theologische Quartalschrifr
Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum

Texts and Translations. Pseuclepigrapha Series
Texte unci Untersuchungen
Theologische Zeitschri.ft



Ugaritisch-Biblische Literatur
Vigiliae christianae
Vetus Testamentum
Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten unci Neuen
Testament
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes

Yale Judaica Series
Zeitschrift fur die alttestamen tliche Wissenschaft

Zeitschrift des cleutschen Palastina-Vereins
Zr6dla i monografie

Zeitschrift fUr die neucestamendiche Wissenschaft unci die

Kunde der alteren Kirche
Zeitschrift fUr systematische Theologie


INTRODUCTION


Lightless Shadows

Symmetry of Good and Evil
in Early Jewish Demonology


In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the study of the
symmetrical patterns found in earl y Jewish apocalyptic literature.' In this

literantre protological and eschatological times seem to be understood as
periods that mirror each other. One instance of this symmetry of procology
and eschatology can be found in the early Jewish pseudepigraphon known to
us as the Book _of Jubilees._ Scholars have previously noted that in the Book
_of Jubilees_ _Endzeit_ appears to be mirroring _Urzeit._ One of the researchers

remarks that


_Jubilees_ affirms a rigorous tempo ral symmetry. All human history

from creation to new creation is foreordained by God and

inscribed in the heavenly tablets, which, in turn, are revealed
through angelic mediation co Moses on Mt. Sinai, just as they
were revealed co Enoch before him. In this presemation, histOrical
patterns are adduced to confi rm divine providence over earthly
events. A striking example of this is found in the correspondence
between _Endzeit_ and _Urzeit._ In _jubilees,_ as in other apocalyptic
literature, God intends the wo rld ultimately to conform tO his
original intention for the creation. But _]ubi.lees_ goes even further
by implying a nearl y complete recapitulation, that is that the
_Endzeit_ or resto ration would almost exactly mirror the Urzeit or
patriarchal period. [2 ]


Another example of the te mporal symmetry of apocalyptic protology
and eschatology is found in an early Jewish apocalyptic text known to us as
_2 (Sia.vonic)_ _Enoch._ There the disintegration of the pri mordial aeon of light
in the beginning of creation is symmetrically juxtaposed with the aeon's
eschatological restoration at the end of time. According to the Slavonic


2 Dark Mirrors


apocalypse, after me final judgmenr, when the spatial and temporal order
will collapse, all the righteous of me world will be incorporated into a single
luminous aeon. The description of this final aeon reveals some striking similarities with the features of the primordial aeon of light portrayed earlier as
the foundation of the created order. [3 ] The eschatological restoration affects
not only me peculiar order of me promlogical evenrs ma t become reinstated
at me end of time but also the destiny of some primeval heroes who are
predestined to assume new eschatological functions. One such character is the
seventh anted il uvian patriarch Enoch, a central witness of the prorological
corruption of the earth by the deeds of me Watchers who is also depicted in

me Slavonic apocalypse as me first fruit of the escharological aeon of light.
The presence of the important primordial witness at me pivotal apex of the

_Endzeil_ does not appear ro be coincidental. In d•is temporal "symmetrical"
perspective it is often understood that the protological figures, prominent
in the _Urzeit,_ including Adam, Abel, Sed1, Enoch, Noah, Ab raham, Jacob,
Joseph, Moses, and od1er primordial patriarchs and prophets, will become
eschatological witnesses by ass uming various roles at the end of the time.
Jewish apocalyptic writings therefore often offer a plethora of eschatological characters posing as conceptual "reincarnations" of familiar protological
exemplars who explicitly and implicitly display me particular features of their
primordial counterparts. Ch ristian apocalyptic materials are also cognizant
of this typological symmetry of protological and escha tological heroes. Thus,
early Christian writers often attempt to envision Jesus as the new Adam or

me new Moses-me one who returns humankind to its original prelapsarian
condition or brings a new covenan t. [4 ]

The striking symmetry discernable in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic
writings reveals many complex and often perplexing dimensions. Thus, me
symmetrical perspective found in pseudepigraphical texts appears to shape

not only the "horizontal," temporal, dyn amics but also me "vertical," spatial,
dimension of dle apocalyptic worldview with its peculiar imagery of the
heavenly and earth ly realms. Refl ecting on this spatial symmetry in d•e Book
_of ]ttbi./ees_ and other early Jewish apocalyptic writings, James Scott observes

mat mey affirm "not only a temporal symmetry between _Urzeit_ and Endzeit,
but also, secondly, a special symmetry between heaven and earth."; These
distinctive correspondences between th e earthly and heavenly rea li ties are

well known. In the apocalyptic texts such correlations are especially evident
in the peculiar parallelism between heavenly and earthly cultic settings that
are often depicted as mirroring each othe r. In this worldview, me earmy
sanctuaries, their sacerdotal content, and even dl eir cultic se rvants, are
envisioned as the entities tha t are predestined to be faithful imitators of

their celestial counterparts. In this peculiar perspective even the etiology
of these sacerdotal rituals and settings is intimately connected with the


Introd uction 3


stories of their origination after the patterns of the heavenly cultic proto
types.6 Further, the authenticity and effectiveness of the earthly sacerdotal
establishments are then portrayed as being constan tly tested on their faithful
correspondence tO the ultimate heavenly patterns according to which they

were initially formed. As Scott rightly observes, "(T)he goal of history . .. is
th at the cultus will be 'on eartil as in heaven.'";

Indeed, in apocalyptic accounts visionaries are often depicted as either
beholding or traveling to the heavenly versions of terrestrial sancruaries,
especially in times wh en the earthly shrines become physically destroyed or

poll uted and thus no longer able to fulfi ll th eir cultic responsibilities. [8 ] Yet
the symmetrical correspondences between the heavenly and eartilly realms
do not seem ro be reduced solely to the cultic dimension but appear to

affect the whole fabric of the apocalyp tic enterprise, including the heart of
its personal eschatology- the transformation of a _seer._ In this respect another
crucial element that reaffirms the ex:istence of the spatial symmetry is tile
concept of the heavenly counterpart of the apocalyptic visionary. The origin
of this idea in Jewish lore can be traced to some pseudepigraphical writings
of the late Second Temple period, including tile Book _of Jubilees_ where the
angel of the presence [9 ] is envisioned as the heavenly counterpart of Moses. [10 ]

Scholars have previously noted that Enochic materials are also cognizant
of this tradition about the heavenly twin of the seer. Thus, the idea about
the heavenly counterpart of the visionary appears tO be present in one of
tile later booklets of _1 (_ _Ethiopic)_ Enoch-the _Booi<_ _of d1e_ _Similitudes._ It has
been previously observed that the _Similitudes_ seem to entertain the idea of
the heaven ly double of a visionary when it identifies Enoch with the Son
of Man. [11 ] Students of Enochic traditions have long been puzzled by the

idea th at the Son of Man, who in the previous chapters of the _Similiwdes_ is
distinguished from Enoch, becomes suddenly identified wim tile patriarch in

_1 Enoch_ 71. James VanclerKam suggests that this puzzle can be explained by
the Jewish notion, attested in severa l ancient Jewish texts, tha t a creature
of flesh and blood could have a heaven ly double or counterpart. [12 ] As an
example, VanderKam points ro Jacob traditions [13 ] in which me patriarch 's
"features are engraved on high." [14 ] It is sign ificant that in both Enochic and
Jacobite traditions the theme of the heaven ly counterpart is often conflatecl
with the imagery of the ange.ls of the presence-the feature that also reaffirms

me spatial symmetry between the heavenly and earmly realms.


Al though me main thrust of the spatial symmetry found in apocalyptic
literature is often expressed through me formula "on earth as in heaven,"
the aforementioned spatial correspondence appears to influence not only tile


4 Dark Mirrors


human, eanhly abode-the realm believed to be sustained by irs fa ithful

mirroring of the celestial realities-but also the demonic quarters of the
underworld that also strive to imitate for their own, nefarious purposes the
features of the heavenly world.

Jewish and Christian apocalyptic writings provide a plethora of illustrations for this often strange and perplexing parallelism of heavenly and
infernal dimensions in which demonic creatures try to reflect and mirror
not only d1e features of angelic characters but even d1e attributes of the
deity himself.

One of the important examples of th is paradoxa! correspondence
between divine and demonic ligures can be found in the _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham,_ where the antagonist of the story, the fallen angel Azazel, is
portrayed as a possessor of his own "glory" or _kavod,_ the atuibme that is

reserved almost exclusively for d1e depiction of the deity in apocalyptic
accounts. The demon's possession of such an unusual theophan ic feature is
not an isolated incident but part of the broader ideological tendency of the
Slavonic apocalypse, which unveils the paradoxa! symmeny of the good and
evil realms.•; Most striking example of this sy mmetry is found in chapter

23, where Abraham receives a vision of the protological scene portraying
the demon's corruption of me protoplasts. In this disclosure the hero of me
faith beholds Azazel si tuated in the midst of Adam and Eve under d1e Tree
of Life. Scholars have previously suggested that A zazel may atte mpt here tO

mimic the divine presence often represented in sacerdotal settings as the
intertwined cherubic couple in the Holy of Holies by offering his ow n, now
corrupted and demonic version of the sacred union. [16 ]

As has been nmed above, the symmetry of _Urzeit_ and _Endzeit_ and the
symmetrical correspondences of realms deeply affect the profiles of various
characters of the stories, revealing the paradoxa! mirroring of protological
and escha tological heroes as well as a remarkable parallelism between
earthly and celestial counterparts. It has also been shown that even negative
characters of the apocalyp tic srories are part of this mirroring dynamic. T hus,

in Jewish and Christian apocalyptic materials prorological opponents, si milar

to primordial patriarchs and prophets, often appear at the end of time in
their new eschatological capacity. As our study has already demonstrated,
the antagonists are also affected by the spatial dynamics of the apocalyptic
story as mey try tO mimic me attributes of celestial beings.

Yet the persuasive nature of the temporal and spatial symmetry found
in the pseudepigraphical narratives also seems to be responsible for another
type of symmetrical correlation d1at often manifests itself in the paradoxa[
mirroring of the roles and attributes of the protagonists and antagonists of
apocalyptic stories. T his type of correspondence can be seen as a sort of

inverse sy mmetry, where the antagonist or protagonist of the story literally


Introduction 5


takes the place of his oppone nt by acquiring the peculiar attributes and
conditions of his counterpart.

It is well known that in Jew ish apocalyptic writings some exalted
heroes, including protological patriarchs and prophets, are often depicted
as traveling to the upper realms where they are granted knowledge of
heavenly phenomena and a vision of the divine Ch ariot-dle pivotal

visionary encounter laden with profound transformational opportunities that
often leads to the metamorphosis of a seer into an angelic or even divine

being. It is intriguing that in some apocalyptic accounts, this symbolism
of transformation is applied not only _w_ the "heroes" of the apocalyptic
stories but also their eschatological opponents who also undergo their own
paradoxa! metamorphoses.H

Moreover, in the course of these transforma tions, the peculiar attributes
and offices of the protagonists or antagonists become mysteriously imitated
in the newly acquired offices and roles of their respective opponents. Thus,
for example, in the _Book_ _of_ _the_ _Watchers,_ the fallen angels, the fo rmer
participants in the heavenly liturgy, are depicted as abandoning their place
in heavenly worship and descending to ea rd1 ro assume the marital roles
of humans, while th eir righteous h uman counterpart, the patriarch Enoch,

ascends to heaven to become a sacerdotal servant in the heavenly Temple.
The exchange between the hero and his negative counterpart(s) is clearly
discernable here, as both parties are depicted as mirroring each other in

their mutual exchange of offices, roles, attributes, and even wardrobes.
The last feature of the transformation is particularly noteworthy since d•e

theme of transferring the garment of the demoted angelic antagonist to an
exalted human protagonist plays a very important role in jewish apocalyptic
literature. T hus, for example, in Enochic literature the seventh antediluvian
patriarch receives glorious angelic attire [18 ] while the fallen angels are donning
the human ontological "garments." [19 ]

In the Adamic lore one can also find this inverse symmetrical
correspondence when one learns that the first humans received their unique
status, manifested in d1e luminous garments, as a result of the demotion of
an exalted angelic being who fell out of divine favor. In these traditions
the protoplast takes the place, glory, and garments of the demoted angelic
antagonist. One of the early examples of this tradition can be found in the
_Primary_ Adam Boob, where the removal of Satan [10 ] from his special glorious
place is placed in conceptual juxtaposition with the creation and exaltation
of Adam. [21 ] Moreover, the demotion of the antagonist is accompanied not
only by vacation of the exalted place, which is required for the apotheosis
of a new hero, but also, and more importandy, by purification or catharsis.

In this sacerdotal perspective the demoted ligures are often envisioned as
cosmic scapegoats who take upon themselves the "soiled garments" of their


6 Dark Mirrors


human opponents by carrying their sins into the remote abode of their
exile. Scholars often see in such cathartic routines a reflection of one of the
fundamental cultic dynamics manifested in the Yom Kippur ordinance where

the en trance of the human celebrant intO the divine abode, represented by
the Holy of Holies, is juxtaposed with the removal of human sins into the
wilderness by means of dle scapegoat.
This apocalyptic reinterpretation of the Yom Kippur imagery appears

to play an important role in the symmetrical conceptual framework of the
_Apocal)•pse_ _of Alrraham_ where the angel Yahoel informs Abraham that he
will receive dle angelic garment of Azazel whi le the demon will take upon
himself the "garment" of the patriarch's sins. In this inverse sy mmetrical
framework, both parties are depicted as simultaneously exchanging each other's
attributes since the transference of the celestial garmen t tO the patriarch
coincides widl the angel's testimony dl at Abraham's sins are transferred to
Azazet.2 [2 ] As has already been noted, a similar development is discemable in
the demonological settings of the Adamic tradition where the protoplast's
exaltation in the ange lic community mirrors Satan's demotion from celestial
citizenship. [23 ]


Our short excursus into symmetrical correspondences between the antagonists
and protagonists of apocalyptic stories h as shown that these symmetrical
correlations often revolve around two enigmatic figures who exercised
formative influence on early Jewish demonology-the demoted angelic beings
known tO us as Azazel and Satan.zt

While in later Jewish and Christian materials the srories of both
paradigmatic antagonists are often conflated and even confused, their
respective origins can be traced to two distinctive and often competing
my thologies of evil-Adamic and Enochic, one of which was tied to the
mishap of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and the o ther to the fall
of angels in the antediluvian periodH

Thus, Adamic tradition traces the source of evil to Satan's transgression
and the fall of Adam and Eve in Eden, a trend that explains the reason
for Satan's demo tion by his refusal to obey God's command to venerate the
protoplast. In contrast, the ea rl y Enochic tradition bases its understanding
of the origin of evil on the story of the fallen Watchers led by Azazel.

It is also intriguing that while in the beginning of their conceptual
journeys Azazel and Satan are posited as representatives of two distinctive
and often rival trends tied to the distinctive etiologies of corruption, in
later Jewish and C hristian demonological lore both antagonists are able to
ente r each other's respective stories in new conceptual capacities. In these


Introd uction 7


later traditions Satanael is often depicted as the leader of the fallen angels
while his conceptual rival A.zazel is portrayed as a seducer of A.dam and Eve.
The current collection of essays examines the symmetrical patterns
of early Jewish demonology that are often manifested in the an tagonists'

imitation of the attributes of various heavenly beings, including principal
angels and even the deity himself. The study will pay special attention to
the sacerdotal dimension of these demonological developments and show that
the peculiar transformations of the adversaries often have a cultic significance
as they become unfolded in the midst of the priestly and liturgical settings
of the Jewish tradition, including the Yom Kippur ceremony.
The second aspect of the study will include investigation of the mutual
conceptual interactions between the Azazel and Satanael traditions in course
of which the distinctive features or attributes of one antagonist become

transferred to the character of d1e rival mythology of evil.
The discussion treats the aforementioned issues in six essays, three
of which are devoted to the figure of A.zazel and three others to the figure
of Satanael, also known in the Slavonic pseudepigrapha under the name
Saranail. This structure of the volume: provides an equal amount of attention

to both demonological trends.
The first essay of the collection, entitled "'The Likeness of Heaven':
_Kavod_ of A.zazel in the _Apocalypse of_ Abralwn," explores one of Azazel's most
enigmatic practices, his attempt ro imitate the divine manifestation situated
between two cherubim in the Holy of Holies. TI1e study underlines the cultic
aspect of this demonic transformation. Ald1ough the study mainl y focuses on
the motifs found in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ an early Jewish apocalyptic
text preserved in Slavonic, it trea ts the Azazel tradition in its histOrical and
interpretive complexity through a broad variety of Jewish materials.

The second essay, "Eschatological Yom Kippur in d1e _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham:_ The Scapegoat Ritual," continues to examine the sacerdotal
dimension of the Azazel figure, namely his role as a celestial scapegoat.
Already in the Bible the infamous scapegoat bearing the name Azazel is
envisioned as an important sacerdotal servant on whom d1e heavy load
of Israel's sins is bestowed during d1.e annual Yom Kippur ceremony. TI1e
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ however, portrays Azazel not merely as a sacrificial
animal but as a fallen angelic being who takes upon himself the burden of
Abraham's sins, which allows the hero of the faith ro enter the celestial

Holy of Holies. TI1e study suggests that the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ portrays
an eschatological reenactment of the Yom Kippm ritua l.

The third essay of the collection, entitled "The Garment of Azazel in
the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ probes further the cultic dimension of Jewish
demonology by concentrating on the tradition of Azazel's angelic garmem,

which in the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham_ is transferred to the patriarch. It


8 Da rk Mirrors



appears that th is endowment of Abrah am with the celestial garment before
his entrance into the celestial Holy of Holies betrays distinctive sacerdotal
connections as it appears to be related to the tradit io ns about the attire

the high priest wore upon his entrance in tO the Holy of Holies. T his
essay also deals extensively with a pa:rallel tradition about Satan's angelic
garment found in the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books_ where Saran's garment of glory

is also transferred to a human recipient. Analys is of this paralleled tradition
provides an important conceptual bridge to the second part of the volume,
which includes three essays dealing with the Satanael tradition. T he essays
of the second part of the volume are organized to show the development
of the Satanael lore in its histo rical perspective. T hus, one of these essays
deals with 2 _Enoch,_ a text written before 70 CE, ano ther essay discusses

the Satan tradition in the Gospel of Matthew written around 70 CE, and
the final essay examines _3 Baruch_ wrine n in the second/third century CE.
The fourth essay of the volume (the fi rst in the second section), entitled
"The Watchers of Satanael: The Falle n Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic)

Enoch," deals with the intriguing development inside the Satanael tradition in
which this demonic character acquires several pecul iar roles of his conceptual
rival Azazel, being now depicted as rhe leader of the fallen Watchers. This
development shows the remarkable flu idity of the two mythologies of evil
in which the features of one antagonist are often emulated by the main
character of the rival trend.

The fifth essay, "Satan and the Visionary: Apocalyptic Roles of the
Adversary in the Temptation Narrative of the Gospel of Matthew," de als
with Satan's unusual roles and actions duri ng his temptation of Jesus in the
wilderness. The study shows that while tempting Jesus Satan assumes several
pecul ia r roles of the transporting and interpreting angel (a psychopomp
and an _angelus_ incerpres), the offices we ll known from Jewish apocalyptic
stories. Moreover, Satan's reques t for veneration invokes so me features of

the theophanic accounrs where such services are delivered exclusive ly either



tO the deity or his anthropomorphic icon, the protoplast.



The sixth essay, "The Flooded A rboretums: The Garden Traditions in
d1e Slavonic Ve rsion of _3 Baruch_ and the _Book of Giants"_ again deals with
the interaction between the two mythologies of evil in whicl1 some features
of the fallen Watchers' demonological template are transferred to Satanae l.

O ne can see that both parts of the volume are interconnected th rough
the thorough exploration of the dialogue between the Satanael and Azazel
traditions, the conceptual development th at played a crucial fo rmative role
in shaping early Jewish demonology.


Part I


Azazel


**"The** **Likeness** **of Heaven"**

_Kavod_ of **Azazel** **in** **the**
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_


Now observe a deep and holy mystery of faith, the symbolism of the male
principle and the female principle of the universe ... there is the line
where the male ~nd female principles join, forming together the rider on
the serpent, and symbolized by A zaze l.


_-Zohar_ 1.152b- 153a


Introduction


Chapter 14 of the _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ a Jewish pseudepigraphon wri tten

in the first centuries CE, unveils an enigma tic tradition about the unusual
power given tO the main an tagonist of the srory, the fallen angel Azazel.
In the text, Abraham's celestial guide, the angel Yahoel, warns his human
apprentice, the hero of the fa ith, that God endowed his chief eschatological
opponent Azazel with a special will and with "heaviness" against those who
answer him. The reference to the mysterious "heaviness" (Slav. T»roTa) given

tO the demon has puzzled students of the Slavonic apocalypse for a long
time. Ryszard Rubinkiewicz has previously suggested that the Slavonic term
for "heaviness" (T~ron) in this passage from _Apoc._ _Ab._ 14:13 possibly serves
as a technical term for rendering the Hebrew word _Kavod._ _[1 ]_ Rubinkiewicz
has further proposed that the original text most likely had **11:::l:::l,** which has
the sense of "gravity" but also "glory," and had the fo llowing rendering: "the
Eternal One ... to him [Azazel] he gave the glory and power." According

to Rubinkiewicz, th is ambiguity lays at the basis of the Slavonic translation
of the verse _.z_

It is quite possible that, given the formative influences the Book of
Ezekiel exercises on the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham,_ _[3 ]_ the authors of the text


**11**


12 Da rk Mirrors


might indeed have known the _Kavod_ technical terminology, wh ich plays
such an important role in the great prophetic book. Yet the transference
of this peculiar theopb.anic imagery to an ambiguous character in the story

is qui te puzzling since the _Kavod_ symbolism represents a very distinctive
attribute reserved in the Jewish biblical and pseudepigraphic traditions
almost exclusively for celestial and translated agen ts to signal their divine
status. Could this strange tradition about the glory of Azazel suggest that

the authors of the Slavonic apocalypse sough t to envision the fallen angel
as a kind of negative counterpart of the deity who enjoys his own "exalted"
attributes that mimic and emulate divine attributes!

A closer look at the pseudepigraphon reveals that such a dualistically
symmetrical symbolism is not only confined to the description of the fallen
angel and his unusual attributes. It also represents one of the main ideological
tendencies of the Slavonic apocalypse. Several scholars have previously noted
d1is peculiarity of the theological universe of the Slavonic apocalypse, which
reveals the paradoxa! symmetry of the good and evil realms: the domains
which, in the Abrahamic pseudepigraphon, seem depicted as emulating and
mirroring each other.

It h as been previously argued t hat the striking prevalence of such
dualistic symmetrical patterns pennea ring the fabric of the _Apocalypse_ _of_
AbraiUiln can be seen as one of the most controversial and puzzling fea tures
of the text. [4 ] It should be noted that the dualistic curren ts are present mostly
in the second, apocalyptic portion of the text where the hero of the faith
receives an enigmatic revelation from the deity about the unusual powers
given to Azazel.

Reflecti ng on these concepwal developments, Michael Stone draws
attention ro the traditions found in chapters 20, 22, and 29, where the

reference to Azazel's rule, wh ich he exercises jointly with God over the
world, coincides "with the idea that God granted h im authori ty over the
wicked."; Stone suggests that "these ideas are clearl y dualistic in nature." [6 ]

john Collins explores anothe r cluster of peculiar depictions repeatedly
found in the second part of the _Apocalypse,_ in wh ich humankind is divided
into two parts, half on the right and half on the left, representing respectively
the chosen people and the Gentiles. These portions of humanity are labeled
in the text as the lot of God and the lot of Azazel. Collins argues that "the
symmetrical division suggests a dualistic view of the world." [1 ] He fu rd1er
observes th at "the nature and extent of this dualism constitute the most
controversial problem in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham."_ _[8 ]_

Ryszard Rubinkiewicz, while denying the presence of "absolute"
or "onrological" [9 ] dualism in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ admits that the
pseudepigraphon exhibits some dualistic tendencies in its ethical, spatial,
and temporal dimensions. [10 ]


"The Likeness of Heaven" 13


Yet, in contrast to Rubinkiewicz's opinion, George Box sees in these
spatial and temporal dimensions the main signs of the "radical dualism" of

the apocalypse. He maimains that ''che radical dualism of the Book comes

Out not only in the sharp division of mankind in tO two hosts, which srands

for Jewry and heathendom respectively, but also in the clea rl y defined
contradistinction of two ages, the present Age of ungodliness and the future
Age of righteousness."''

Another distinguished stude nt of d1e S lavonic text, Marc Philonenko,
in his analysis of the sy mmetrical nature of the positions of Yahoel and
Azazel, I! notes the peculiarity of the interaction between these two spirits,
one good and one malevolent. He observes that their battle does not occur
directly, but rather through the medium of a human be ing, Abraham.
A braham is thus envisioned in the pseudepigrapho n as a place where

the battle between two spiritual forces unfolds. [13 ] Philonenko sees in d1 is
anthropological internalization a peculiar mold of the dualism that is also
present in the Qumran materials, including the _lrutruction on the_ _Two_ _Spirits_
(lQS 3:13-4:26) where the Prince of Lights and the Angel of Darkness are
fighting in d1e heart of ma n . 1 ~

The aforementioned scholarly suggestions about the dualistic tendencies
of the apocalypse, which seems to envision a symmetrical correspondence

between the divine and demonic realms, the worlds of God and of Azazel,
are intriguing and deserve further investiga tion. The current study will
attempt to explore some dualistic symmetrical patterns fo und in the Slavonic
pseudepigraphon, concentrating mainly on the peculiar theophanic imagery
surrounding the figure of the main antagonist of the text, the demon Azazel.


The Inheritance of Azazel


The traditions about the two eschatological lots or portions of humanity
found in the second part of the text have captivated the imag ination of
scholars for a long time. In these fascinating descriptions, students of the
Abrahamic pseudepigraphon have often tried to discern possible connections

with the dualistic developments found in some Qumran materials, where
the imagery of the two escharological lots played a significant role. Indeed,
in tl1e Dead Sea Scrolls one can fi nd a broad appropriation of the imagery
of the two portions of humanity, which are often depicted there in striking
opposition to each other in the final decisive battle. It has been frequently
noted that the peculiar symbolism of the eschatological parties often takes
the form of dualistic sy mmetrical counterparts, as these groups are repeatedly
described in the Dead Sea Scrolls through metaphoric depictions involving
the dichotomies of darkness and light, good and evil, election and rejection.


14 Dark Mirrors


This dualistic "mirroring" is also often underscored by the symbolic pro files
of the main leaders of the eschatological "lots," whose peculiar sobriquets
often negatively or positively reflect, or even polemically deconstruct, the
names of their respective escharological rivals: Melchizedek and Melchiresa<,
the Prince of Ligh ts and the Angel of Darkness.

The peculiar imagery of the eschatological portions of humanity is also
manifested in the _Apocalypse of Abraham._ Graphic depictions of the two lots
are widely dispersed in the second, apocalyptic, part of the pseudepigraphon.
Scholars have previously noted that the peculiar conceptual elaborations
th at surround these portrayals of the portions appear to be reminiscent
not only of the eschatological reinterpretations and terminology found in
the Qumran materialsY but also of the peculiar imagery of sacrificial lots
prominent in the Yom Kippur ritual, [16 ] the ordinance described in detail in
some biblical and rabbinic accoums.li Thus, it has been previously observed

dlat the word _lot_ (Slav. 'laCTb) found in the Slavonic text appears to be
connected to the Hebrew ?1U, a term prominent in some cultic descriptions
found in biblical and rabbinic accounts, [18 ] as well as in the eschatological
developments attested in the Qumran materials. [19 ]

Similar _w_ the Qumran materials where d1e lots are linked to the
fallen angelic figures or translated heroes (such as Belial or Melchizedek),

in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ the portions of humanity are now tied to the
main characters of the srory- the fallen angel AzazeF [0 ] and the translated
patriarch Abraham. [21 ]

It is also notewordly that in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ similar to
the Qumran materials, [21 ] the positive lor is designated sometimes as the lot
of the deity-"my [God's] lor":



And the Eternal Mighty One said to me, "Abraham, Abraham!"
And I said, "Here am l!" And h e said, "Look from on high at
the stars which are beneath you and count them for me and tell
me their number!" And I said, "Would I be able? For I am [bm)
a man." And he said ro me, "As the number of the stars and

their host, so shall I make you r seed into a company of nations,
se t apart for me in my lot with Azazel."Zl



While the similarities of the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ wi th the Qumran
materials were often noted and highlighted in previous scholarly studies,
the differences in the descriptions of the eschatological lots and their
respective leaders have often been neglected. Yet it is quite possible tha t
the dualistic imagery of the eschatological portions might receive an even
more radical form in the Slavonic apocalypse than in dle Dead Sea Scrolls.
Indeed, it seems that the Slavonic pseudepigraphon attempts to transfer to
the antagonist and to his lot some of the no tions and attributes that in


"The Likeness of Heaven" 15


the Qumran materials remain reserved solely for the domain of the positive
portion of humanity. One such notion includes the concept of "inheritance,"
the term that plays an important role both in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in
the Slavonic apocalypse.

Thus, the passage found in chapter 14 of the pseudepigraphon unve ils
the fo llowing enigmatic tradition about the very special "inheri tance" given

to the fallen angel AzazelY



Since _your_ inherirance (AOCTOl!HHe TBoe) are those who are with

you, with men born with the Hars and clouds. And their portion
is _you_ (ux1,>KC •tacn. ecu Th.l). [25 ]



The striking feature of this account is tha t in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 14:6 d1e
concept of the eschatological "toe' or "portion" (Slav. •racn,)1 [6 ] of Azazel
appears to be used inrercl1angeably with the notion of "inheritance" (Slav.



AOCTOIDIHC).

This terminological connection is intriguing since d1e two notions,
"inheri tance" and "lot," are also used interchangeably in the Qumran passages

that deal with the "lot" imagery. Thus, for example, 11Q 13 speaks about
"inheritance" referring tO the portion of Melchizedek that will be victO rious
in the eschatological ordeal:


. .. and from the inheritance of Melchizedek, fo [r ... ] ... and
they are the inhelita[nce of Melchize]dek, who will make them
return. And the d(ay of aton)ement is the e(nd of] the tenm (ju)
bilee in which awnement shall be made for all the sons of [light
and) fo r the men [of] me lot of Mel[chi]zedek. [11 ]


In lQS 3:13-4:26, in the fragment also known as the Instruction _on_
_the Ttvo_ _Spirits_ the imagery of inheritance is tied to the concept of the lot
of the righteous:


[T ]hey walk in wisdom or in fo lly. In agreement with man's
_inheritance_ in the truth, he shall be righteous and so abhor

injustice; and according to his share in the lot of injustice, he
shall act wickedly in it, and so abhor the trum. [28 ]


In 1 QS 11:7- 8 and CD 13: 11- 12 this concept of inheritance is once
again connected with participation in the lot of light, also labeled in l QS
as "the lot of the ho ly ones": [19 ]


To those whom God h as selected he has given them as everlasting
possession; and he has given them an inheritance in the lot of
the holy ones. (lQS 11: 7-8).3°


16 Dark Mirrors


And everyone who joins his congregation, he should examine,
concerning his actions, his intelligence, his strength, his courage
and his wealth; and they shall inscribe him in his place according

to his inheritance in the lot of light. (CD-A 13: 11- 12). [31 ]


In these last two texts the concept of "inheritance" appears ro be
understood as the act of participation in the eschatological lot rendered
through the formulae "inheritance in the lot" (Heb. **?iU::::i** 1n?m) .JZ The
same idea seems tO be at work in the aforementioned passage from _Apoc. Ab._

14:6 where "inheritance" is understood as participation in d1e lot of Azazel.

Yet despite the similari ties, one striking difference between these texts
is discernable: while in the Qumran materials the "inheritance" appears
to be connected with the divine lot, in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ it is
unambiguously tied tO the lot of Azazel.

This transference of the notion of "inheritance"-the concept that
plays such an importa nt role in the Qumran ideology-under the umbrella
of the lot of Azazel in the A _poe._ _Ab.,_ is striking. It brings the dualistic
ideology of the Jewish pseudepigraphon to an entirely new conceptual level
in comparison with the dualistic developments found in the Dead Sea Scrolls.

This new conceptual advancement appears also to have a strong
influence on the profile of the main antagonist of the text, the fallen angel
Azazel who, in comparison with the eschatOlogical opponents of the Dead
Sea Scrolls, now becomes not just one of the characters in the gallery of

many eschatological opponents but the adversary _par_ excellence. In this
respect Lester Grabbe suggests that the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ seems to be
referring to d1e "basic arch-demon complex under d1e name of Azazel." JJ In
his opinion, in the Slavonic apocalypse "Azazel is no longer just a leader
among the fallen angels but the leader of the demons. Figures originally
separate have now fallen together while the various names have become
only different aliases of the one devil." [3] f

Such mythological consolidation affecting the profile of the main
escharological opponent advances the dualistic thrust of the Slavonic
apocalypse and helps to secure Azazel's confrontational stand not only toward
Yahoel and Abral1am but, more importantly, toward the deity.


The Theophany of Azazel


The second, apocalyptic, section of the Slavonic pseudepigraphon begins
with a series of cryptic portrayals unve iling the Striking appearance and
the spectacular offices of Abraham's celestial guide, the angel Yahoel. Yet
in comparison with these disclosures about the great celestial being, the
figure of another important character in the story, the main adversary of


"The Likeness of Heaven" 17


the text, the fallen angel Azazel, is shrouded in a cluster of even more
ambiguous and enigmatic descriptions. For unknown reasons, possibly
viewing the arch-demon's figure as providing one of the conceptual clues
ro understanding the mystery of the theo logical universe of the text, the
authors of the pseudepigraphon appea r very reluctant tO unveil and clarify
the exact status of their mysterious an tihero, instead offering to their readers
the rich tapestry of arcane traditions embroidered with the most recondite
imagery that can be found in the apocalypse.

Yet despite the aura of co ncealment th at envelops the cryp tic profi le
of the arch-demon, the cosmic significance of th is perplexing character
peeps th rough various details of th e story. T hus, the very fi rs t lines of
chapter 13, which introduce Azazel to the audience, appear to him at him

as a figure with a very special autho rity. His bold descent on the sacrifices
of the hero of the faith does not appear coincidental; the autho rs of the
Slavonic apocalypse may want to signal to their readers that Azazel is not
merely an abandoned, demoted creature, but rather an object of worship,
veneration, and sacrificial devotion, who possibly possesses an exalted
status and place tha t negatively replicate and mimic the authority and

position of the de ity.
Many previous studies have shown conceptual links between Azazel
and Abraham,l; as well as parallels between Azazel and Yahoel. [36 ] Yet despite
the significance of these co mparative studies, which have been able tO clarify
conceptual symmetry between positive and negative protagonists of the stOry,
scholars have often neglected anothe r portentous parallelism fou nd in dle

text-that is, the correspondence in the roles and attributes between the deity
and the demon. T he initial sign of this baffl ing dualistic symmetry appears
already tO be hinted at in the depictions of dle esch atOlogical lots, where the
portion of Azazel is exp licitly compared with the lot of the Almighty. Yet this
juxtaposition between the fallen angel and the Divinity can be considered
as rather schema tic. In this correspondence between the two portions of
humanity, one belonging tO God and the other to the demon, one might see
a merely metaphorical distinction th at does not inte nd tO fully match the
status and the attributes of the deity with the condition of Azazel; rather, it
simply hin ts at the demon's temporary role in the esch atological opposition.
A closer analysis of the text, however, reveals that the co mparisons between
God and Azazel have much broader co nceptual ramifica tions dl at appear tO

transcend a purely metaphorical leve l, as the depictions of both characters
unveil striking theophanic similarities. An important feature in th is respect
is the peculiar imagery of the epiph anies of both characters unfolding in
the special circumstances of the ir fiery realms.

It is intriguing that in the tex t, where the theophanic manifestations
of the deity are repeatedly portrayed as appearing in the midst of flames,
the presence of Azazel is also conveyed through similar imagery.


18 Dark Mirrors



It has been previously noted that the imagery of fire plays an important
conceptual role in the Slavonic apocalypse. [37 ] It is often envisioned there as

the substance predestined to examine the authen ticity of things and to test
their eternal status. _Apoc._ _Ab._ 7:2 relates that "the fire mocks with its flames
the things that perish easily." [38 ] Both a nimate and inanimate characters of
d1e story, including the infamous idols and their blasphemous makers, are
depicted in the text as undergoing fiery probes-the ominous tests that often

lead them into their final catasrrophic demise. Thus, by means of fire, the
young hero of d1e faid1 "tests" d1e wooden stature of his fad1er, the idol
Bar-Eshad1, which the flames turn into a pile of ashes. Further, the craftsmen
of the idolatrous ligures themselves are not exempted from the fiery probes'
scruti ny. The first haggadic section of the text concludes with the blazing
ordeal during which the workshop of Terah is obliterated by fire sent by
God. Later, in the second, apocalyptic, section of the work, the patriarch
Abraham himself undergoes multiple fiery tests during his progress into the

upper heaven. All these remarkable instances of the fiery annihilations of
certain characters of the story, and miraculous survivals of others, do not
appear coincidental. Scholars have previously noted that in the _Apocalypse of_
_Abraham,_ as in several other apocalyptic texts, including Daniel _3_ or Ezekiel
28, fire serves as the ul timate test for distinguishing inauthentic and idolatrous
represen tations of the Divinity from its true COLmterparts. In accordance with
this belief, which often envisions the endu rance of the "true" things in the
flames, the very presence of the deity is repeatedly portrayed in the text as
situated in the stream of fire. Thus, already in chapter 8, which marks a
transition to the apocalyptic section of the work and narrates the patriarch's
response to the divine call in the courtyard of Terah's house, the divine
presence is depicted as "the voice of the Mighty One" coming down in a
stream of fire. [39 ] This self-disclosure of God in the midst of the theophanic
furnace becomes men a standard description adopted by the aumor(s) of



the apocalypse to convey manifestations of the deity.f [0 ]



In view of these peculiar theophanic tenets of the pseudepigraphon,
it is intriguing tha t some eschatOlogical manifestations of Azazel, similar to
d1e epiphanies of d1e deity, are depicted with fiery imagery.
Although in chapter 13 the patriarch sees Azazel in the fo rm of an
unclean bird, the apocalypse makes clear that this appearance does not

reflect the true appearance of the demon, whose proper domain is designated
several times in the text as situated in the subterranean realm. [41 ] What is
striking is that in the antagonist's authentic abode, in the bell y of the earth,

the domicile of the great demon is fashioned with the same peculiar visual
markers as the abode of the deity- that is, as being situated in the midst
of the theophanic furnace.
Thus, in Yahoel's speech found in chapter 14, which reveals the
true place of the chief antagonist, the arch-demon's abode is designated


"The Likeness of Heaven" 19


as the furnace of the earthH Moreover, Azazel himself is portrayed as the
"burning coal" or the "firebrand" of th is infernal kilnY T his depiction of
Azazel glowing in the furnace of his own domain is intriguing. It evokes

the peculiar memory of the fiery nature of the divine abode, which, in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ is portrayed as the upper furnace. The fiery natu re
of the heavenly plane is underlined multiple times in the text. It is notable
that the seer's progress into the domain of the deity is portrayed as h is
movement into the fie ry realm. Thus, in _Apoc. Ab._ 15 :3, the transition of
the hero and his guiding angel through the border of the heavenly realm
is portrayed as an entrance into fire: "[A]nd he carried me up to the edge
of the fie ry flame. And we ascended like great winds to the h eaven which
was fi xed on the expanses." [44 ]

Then, in chapter 17, the readers again encounter this terrifying presence
of the celestial fu rnace as the flames envelop the visionary and his celestial
guide on their progress to the abode of the deity:


And while he was still speaking, behold, a fire was co ming toward
us round about, and a sound wa.s in the fi re like a sound of many
waters, like a sound of the sea in its uproar. _(Apoc. Ab._ 17:1 ). [45 ]


In 18:1, upon his en trance in to the celestial Holy of Ho lies, the
visionary again passes another fie ry threshold: "[W]hile I was still reciting
the song, the edge of the fire which was on the expanse rose up on high." [16 ]

The fiery apotheosis reaches its pinnacle in chapter 18 where the
patriarch sees the deity's heavenly throne roo m. T he re, in the utmost
concealed d1eophanic locale, d1e seer beholds the very seat of the deity
fashioned from the substance of fi re: "And as the fi re rose up, soaring higher,

l saw under the fire a throne [made] of fire and the many-eyed Wheels"
(Ajmc. _A_ _b._ 18:3).47 T his fiery nexus of the divine presence paradoxically
parallels the fiery nature of the antagonist's subterranean abode.
This striking imagery brings us back tO the Azazel tradition found in
_Apoc. Ab._ 14:5 where, according to some scholars, the demonic presence
is fashioned as the fi re of Hell. [48 ] This identification of Azazel's essence
through the imagery of the subterranean flames is intriguing in view of the
afo rementioned conceptual curre nts in which fire serves as a distinctive
theoph anic medium, expressing the very presence of the deity. Similar co
the deity who is depicted as d1e fire of heaven en throned on the seat of
flames, the demon is portrayed as the fire of the unde rwodd.
In th is respect it is also notewo rthy that, similar to the divine Voice,
the main theophanic expression of the deity in the book, which is depicted
as coming in a stream of fire, Azazel's aural expression is also conveyed
through si milar fi ery symbolism. Th us, _Apoc._ _Ab._ 31:5 speaks about "d1e
fire of Azazel's tongue" (Slav. oroHI, 513biKa A3a311JIOBa):


20 Dark Mirrors


And those who _follo-wed_ _after_ _the_ _idol.s_ and after their murders
will rot in the womb of the Evil One-the belly of AzaJel, and
_they_ _will_ _be_ _burned by the fire_ _of Azazel's tongue_ (naJIHMI:I orHeM'b
ll3h1Ka A3aJHJiona).49


It is also interesting that, like the fire of God that destroys the idols
and idolaters alike in its flames, [50 ] the fire issuing from Azazel has power to
destroy those who "follow after the idt)ls." Though it is not entirely clear in

this context if the fi re of Azazel is d1e fire of God, since in _Apoc._ Ab. 31:3,
the deity says that he has destined those who "mocked" him "to be food for
the fire of hell, and ceaseless soaring in the air of the underground clepths." [51 ]


The _Kavod_ of Azozel


Our previous exploration of the features of the text's infamous antagonist
showed that the authors of the apocalypse appear to envision Azazel as the
one who possesses d1eophanic attributes that mimic the attributes of d1e deity.
The impressive cluster of enigmatic traditions about the amibutes and
offices of the fallen angel that closely resemble their divine counterparts

reaches its new paradoxa[ shape in chapter 23, where the hero of the faith
receives a vision of the prorological scene portraying the demon's corruption
of the proroplasts.

Before examining this puzzling scene, something must be said about
the pecldiar arrangement of the patriarch's vision, during which the exalted
hero of the faith literally gazes into the abyss from the heights of his most
exalted position near the Throne of the deity. This enigmatic setting seems

_w_ provide further support for rhe dualistic framework of the text with its
repeated parallelism of the lower and upper realms.

In the beginning of this mys terious vision, the deity orders the seer ro
look beneath his fee t and "contemplate d1e creation." The apocalypse then
portrays Abraham looking beneath the expanse at his feet and beholding
what the text calls the "likeness of heaven." [52 ] This reference to the "likeness
of heaven" (Slav. no}.lo6ne ne6a) [53 ] has baffled the imagination of many
scholarsH because of the authors' decision to situate under the category of

the "resemblance of heaven" the vision of the corrupted domain belonging
_w_ Azazel:


And I looked benead1 the expanse at my feet and I saw _the_
_likeness_ _of heaven_ (noAo6ne He6a) and what was therein. And [I
saw) there the earth and its fruit:s, and its moving ones, and its
spiritual ones, and its host of men and their spiritual im pieties,
and their justifications, <and the pursuits of their works,> and


"The Likeness of Heaven"


the abyss and its torment, and its lower depths, and the perdition
which is in it. And I saw there the sea and its isla nd<s>, and
its animals and its fishes, and Leviathan and his domain, and
his lair, and his dens, and the world which lies upon him, and
his motions and the destruction of the wo rld because of h im.
_(Apoc. Ab._ 21:2-4). [55 ]



21



In this mysterious vision, which the patriarch receives from the highest
heaven gazing down in ro the abyss, the reader enco unters another dazzling
illustration of the dualistic vision of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham._

Yet the most puzzling disclosure in the cluster of these myste ri ous
expositions about the "likeness of heaven" follows farther along in chapter

23, where the visionary beholds Azazel's appearance under the paradisal Tree.
_Apoc._ _Ab._ 23:4- 11 unveils the following enigmatic tradition that draws
on peculiar prorological imagery:


And I looked at the picture, and my eyes ran to the side of
the garden of Eden. And I saw the re a man very great in
height and terrible in breadth, incomparable in aspect, entwined
(c1,nneTu.taC51) with a woman who was also equal to the man in
aspect and size. And they were standing under a tree of Eden,
and the fruit of the tree was like the appearance of a bunch
of grapes of the vine. And behind the tree was standing, as it
we re, a serpent in form, but having hands and feet like a man,
and wings on its shoulders: six on the right side and six on the

left. And he was holding in his hands the grapes of the tree and
feeding the two whom I saw en twined with each other. And I
said, "Who are these two enttuined (c'hnneTu.taC51) with each
other, or who is this between them, or wh at is the frui t wh ich

they are eating, Mighty Eternal One?" And he said, "This is the
reason of men, th is is Adam, and this is their desire on earth,
this is Eve. And he who is in between them is the Impiety of
the ir pursui ts for destruction, A zazel himself." [56 ]



In this vision, which the patriarch receives while standing at the place
of God's theophany near the divine Th rone, Abraham beholds Azazel's

protological manifestation in the lower realm where the demon's presence
is placed in the midst of the protoplasts. The depiction is also interesti ng
in th at it renders the abode of Azazel through the primordial imagery of
the Tree situated in the Garden of Eden.
There are no doubts that the text offers to its audience the portrayal
of the infamous Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil- the arboreal
symbol of the protological corruption of the fi rst hu ma n couple. The peculiar


22 Da rk Mirrors



features of the scene, and the reference to the "grapes of vine" as the fruit
of the Tree, bring to memory the cluster of familiar motifs associated in the
Jewish lore with the legendary paradisal plant. While some features of the
scene look familiar, others are no r. One novel detail baffling the reader's

imagination is the portrayal of Azazel. between the intertwined protoplasts
under the Tree.
This intriguing tradition has long puzzled students of the Slavonic
apocalypse. A lthough the image ry of the intertwined protoplasts is known
from Jewish and Christian lore about the se rpentine Eve,;; the depiction
found in the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ appears to unve il some novel, perplexing
symbolism. Some scholars have noted an erotic dimension in this portrayal
suggesting that the demon and the intertwined protoplasts form here some

SOrt of a _menage a trois._ _;_ _[8 ]_ What might be the theological significance of this
ominous intercourse involving the demonic spirit and the human couple?

Is it possible dlat, in th is scene depicting an enigmatic union of the
arch-demon and the protoplasts, one might have not merely a scandalous

illustra tion of the protological corruption of the first humans, but also the
disclosure of one of the most mysterious and controversial epiphanies of Azazel?
If it is indeed possible, then here, as in some biblical and pseudepigraph ic
accounts, the erotic imagery and the symbolism of the conjugal union migh t

be laden with theophanic significance.

Moreover, if the epiphanic angle is indeed present in the prorological
scene, d1e arboreal imagery also appears to contribute to dlis theological
dimension. In this respect, the peculiar deta ils of Azazel's position between

the protoplasts _under_ _tile_ _Tree_ might be invoking the memory of a peculiar
theophanic trend related to another prominent plant of the Garden of Eden,
the Tree of Life.

In Jewish lore the Tree of Life often has a theophanic significance
described as the very special arboreal abode of the deity. In these traditions
God is depicted as resting on the cherub beneath the Tree of Life. These
tradi tions are found in a number of apocalyptic and mystical accounts.
T hus, for example, d1e Greek version; [9 ] of the _Life_ _of Adam and_ _Eve_ 22:3-4
connects the theophany of the deity with the Tree of Life:


As God entered [the Garden,] the plants of Adam's portion
flowered but all mine were bereft of flowers. And the throne of
God was fixed where the Tree of Life was. [60 ]


A similar tradition is also found in 2 En. 8:3-4 where the Tree of Life again
is described as the abode of God:


And in the midst (of them was) the tree of life, at that place
where the Lord takes a res t when he goes into paradise. And


"The Likeness of Heaven"


that tree is indescribable for pleasantness and fine fragrance, and
more beautiful than any (other) created thing that exists. And
from every direction it has an appearance which is gold-looking
and crimson, and with the form of fi re. And it covers the whole
of Paradise. (2 En. 8:3-4, the longer recension) [6] [1 ]



23



The tradition of the Divinity dwelling on the cherub under the Tree of
Life was not forgotten in later Jewish. mysticism where God's very presence,
h is _Shekhinah,_ is portrayed as resting on a cherub beneath the Tree of Life.
_3_ En. 5: l unveils the fo llowing tradition:


R. Ishmael said: Metatron, Prince of the Divine Presence, said

to me: From the day that the Holy One, blessed be he, banished
the first man from the garden of Eden, the Shekhinah resided
on a cherub beneath the tree of life [61 ]


A striking feature of this account is that here, as in the classic
Ezekelian accounts, the cherubic creatu re represents the "angelic furniture"
th at functions as the seat of the deity.

It is also intriguing that in the later Jewish mysticism it is not only
the Tree of Life but also the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil,
that receives similar epiphan ic reinterpretation, being envisioned as the
symmetrical theophanic locale with its own cherubic servants.

Thus, for example, the _Book_ _of Zollar_ l.237a unveils the following
enigmatic tradition about the symmetry of the upper and lower cherubim
explicitly associating the former with the Tree of Sin and Corruption:


Adam was punished for his sin, and brought death upon himself
and all the world, and caused that tree in regard to which he
sinned to be driven out along with him and his descendants for
ever. It says further that God "placed the cherubim on the east
of the garden of Eden"; these ·were the lower cherubim, for as
there are cherubim above, so there are cherubim below, and _he_
_spread_ _this_ _tree_ _over_ _them._ _[63 ]_


This passage is striking since it bri ngs tO memory the Tree of
Knowledge found in the Slavonic apocalypse, wh ich provided the shadow
for the protological couple holding in their midst the presence of Azazel.
lt is noteworthy that in the passage from the _Zohar_ the Tree of Knowledge
is now unambiguously associated with the angelic servants, designated as
the "lower cherubim."

Keeping in mind this cryp tic tradition about the cherubic servants,
it is now time to return to the protological scene found in the Slavonic


24 Dark Mirrors



apocalypse. TI1e subtle allusions to the cherubic imagery might also be present
in Azazel's epiphany in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 23 :4-ll, where he is depicted under the
Tree of Knowledge in the midst of the protoplasts. What is intriguing in the
description of Azazel here is that the presence of the evil spirit is manifested



in the connubial union of the intertwined couple.



It should be noted that the imagery of the intertwined primordial
couple holding the presence of the sp iri tual agent is qui te unique in the
Adamic lore. Yet it invokes the memory of another important theophanic
tradition of the divine presence, where God's presence is portrayed through
the imagery of the intertwined cherubic pair in the Holy of Holies.

The treatise _Yoma_ of the Babylonian Talmud con tains two passages that
offer striking, if not scandalous, descriptions of the intertwisted cherubim in
the Holy of Holies. Thus, _b._ _Yoma_ 54a reads:



R. Katrina said: Whenever Israel came up to the Festival, the
curtain would be removed for them and the Cherubim were
shown to them, whose bodies were intertwisted with one another,

and they would be thus addressed: Look! You are beloved before
God as the love between man and woman. [61 ]



This obscure passage relates an erotic union of the cherubic angelic
servants holding the presence of the deity. One might see here later rabbinic
innovations, which are far distant, or maybe even completely divorced, from
d1e early biblical tradition of d1e cherubim in the Holy of Holies. Still,
scholars have previously noted that early biblical accounts already hint at

the ambiguous "proximity" of the famous chembic pair. Rachel Elior notes
that in some biblical materials "descriptions of them usually imply a posture
characterized by reciprocity or contact: 'they faced each other,' [6] ; or also 'their
wings touched each omer' [66 ] or were even joined [67 ] togemer." [68 ] While the early
traditions about the cherubim found "both in the Bible and elsewhere, imply
varying degrees of proximity and contact- later tradition was more explicit,
clearly indicating the identity of the cherubim as a mythical symbolization
of reproduction [69 ] and fe rtili ty, expressed in the form of intertwined male
and female."i [0 ]



In _b._ _Yoma_ 54b the tradition of the intertwisted cherubim is repeated



again:



Resh Lakish said: When me heathens entered me Temple and saw
the Cherubim whose bodies were intertwisted wim one another,
they carried them om and said: These Israelites, whose blessing
is a blessing, and whose curse is a curse, occupy themselves with
such th ings! And immediately they despised them, as it is said:


"The Likeness of Heaven"


All th at honored her, despised her, because they have seen her
nakedness. [11 ]



25



Rachel Elior argues rhat the description of rhe intertwined cherubim
found in rhe Talmud suggests "a cultic, mys tical representation of myths of
_hieros gamos_ _,_ the sacred union or heavenly matrimony." [12 ] It is also apparent
that this veiled imagery of the cherubic union has theophanic significance
as it expresses in itself rhe manifestation of the divine presence-the feature
especially evident in _b._ _Yoma_ 54a with its motifs of the removal of the
curtain and the revelation of the cherubim on Yom Kippur. It is therefore
clear rhat the tradition of the intertwined cherubim is envisioned here as



a rheophanic symbol.



In view of these developments, it is quite possible tha t this theophanic
dimension of the conjugal union might be also negatively evoked in rhe
depiction of the intertwined protoplasts in chapter 23 of d1.e _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham._ Could it be possible that the erotic ordeal of the protological
couple holding in their midst rhe presence of Azazel somehow serves as a

negative counterparr of the cherubic couple holding the divine presence in
the Holy of Holies? Can Adam and Eve be understood here as the ''lower
che rubim" overshadowed by rhe Tree of Knowledge, the Adamic tradition
explicitly articulated in _Zolwr_ 1.237, and maybe already hin ted at in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham?_
Wh at is also fascinating in the ve iled description in chapter 23 is that
the mysterious shape of Azazel situated under the Tree appears in itself to
point to the unity of the cherubic couple, as his form combines some attributes
of rhe two cherubim joined rogethern The passage says that the demon has
twelve wings-six on rhe right side of his body and six on rhe left side: [74 ]



And behind the tree was standing, as it were, a serpent in. form,
but having hands and feet like a man, and wings on its shoulders:
six on rhe right side and six on the leftY


It is noteworthy that earlier in d1.e text, when Abraham sees the "Living
Creatures of the Cherubim" in the heavenly Throne Room, he reports that
each of rhem has six wings:


And under the throne (I saw) four singing fiery Liv ing
Creatures . . . and each one had six wings: from their shoulders,
<and from their sides,> and from their loins. _(Apoc._ A.b. 18:3-6) [76 ]


These baffling attributes of the demon are intriguing and, in view of
the aforementioned theophanic traditions, it is possible th at Azazel here


26 Dark Mirrors


attempts to mimic the divine presence represented by the cherubic couple

in the Holy of Holies by oflering his own demonic version of the sacred
matrimony_;; Here the Adversary, who according to the Slavonic apocalypse
appears to have his own _Kavod,_ [18 ] given tO him by God, possibly intends

co fashion h is own presence in a dualistic symmetrical correlation with the
divine theophany d·tac takes place between two intertwined angelic creatures.


Conclusion


In conclusion of our study of the dualistic tendencies found in the _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham,_ we should say that the exact nature and possible sources of these
conceptual developments remain shrouded in mystery. A number of studies
have previously sough t co explicate the dualistic tenets found in the Slavonic

translations of several pseudepigraph ical works, including the _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham_ and _2 Enoch,_ through their alleged connections with the Bogomil
movement, a dualistic sect that flourished in the Balkans in the late middle
ages. These studies argued that the _Apocalypse_ _of Abmham_ might contain

Bogomil dualistic interpolations. [79 ] Recent scholarsh ip, however, is increasingly
skeptical of such radical proposals and generally finds li ttle or no connection

between the aforemen tioned pseudepigrapha and the Bogomil movement. [80 ]

Our research helps further question the validity of the "Bogomil
hypothesis," noting the conceptual complexity of the dualistic tenets in
dle Slavonic apocalypse and their reliance on auth entic Jewish traditions.
The consistency and paramount significance of these developments for the
overall conceptual framework of the pseudepigraphon suggests that they do
not represent seconda1y additions and interpolations, bur rather embody the
main theological tendency of rhe Slavonic pseudepigraphon. This peculiar
ideological trend shows remarkable similarities to the Palestinian dualism
reflected in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the dualistic cunents manifested in
the later Jewish mystical literature. [81 ]

In view of these prominent developments, it is quite possible that
dle _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ in itself can represent an important conceptual
bridge between the earl y Palesti nian dualistic currents found in the Qumran
documents and their later rabbinic counterparts. Addi tional investigation
of the dualistic profile of the text's chief an tagonist will further clarify the

true extent and nature of these significant theological advancemen ts in the
Slavonic apocalypse.


**Eschatological Yom Kippur** **in** **the**

_**Apocalypse**_ _**of Abraham**_

**The** Scapegoat **Ritual**


[A)ncl as the priest casts lots below so the Priest casts lots above; and just as
below one is left for the Holy One and one is thrust out to the wilderness,
so above one remains with the Holy One, blessed be He, and one goes

forth into the supernal wilderness.


_-_ _Zohar_ lll.63a


Introduction



In the second part of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ its hero-the patriarch
Abraham-encounters an angelic being appointed by God to be his celestial
guide. This creature, named in the apocalypse as the angel Yahoel, baffles

the seer's imagination with his enigmatic appearance. The text describes
him as a composite pteromorphic being with a body shining like sapphire [1 ]

and a face resembling chrysolite. [2 ] The wardrobe of the angel also appears
wondrous. Dressed in purple garments, he wears a turban reminiscent of "dle
bow in the clouds." [3 ] Ab raham also sees a golden staff in the righ t hand of



his celesti al companion.



Scholars have previously noted the sacerdotal significance of the angel's
attire. [4 ] Thus, Martha Himmelfarb argues th at Yahoel's "wardrobe has strong
priestly associations. The linen band around his head reca lls Aaron's headdress;
of fine linen (Exod 28:39)." [6 ] Other details of the angel's appearance also
reveal his connections with the pries tl y office. Himmelfarb reminds us that
the purple of Yahoel's robe betrays connections to one of the colors of the
high priestly garments of Exodus 28 [7 ] The angel's golden staff also seems

to have a sacerdotal meaning, invoking the memory of Aaron's rod which



27


28 Dark Mirrors



miraculously sp routed in the wilderness after Korah's rebe llion "to indicate
the choice of Aaron and his descendants as priests (Num 17: 16-26)." [8 ]

Himmelfarb also brings attention to the rainbow-like appearance of
Yahoel's turban, which, in her opinion, "brings together the two central
color schemes employed elsewhere in che description of God as high priest,



whiteness and the multicolored glow." [9 ]



Indeed, the tradition about "the rainbow in the cloud" associated
with the headgear of the highest ranking sacerdotal servant is known from
several texts, including the description of the high priest Simon in the
Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira 50:7. [10 ] Lacer rabbinic traditions [11 ] describe the
high priest's front-plate (f'!:t), which he wore on his foreheadn Made of
gold and inscribed with the divine Name, the plate shone like a rainbow.'3

The priestly affi liations of Abraham's celestial guide are not coincidental.
He appears in the crucial juncture of lhe story at wh ich the young hero of
tile faith has just left his father's destroyed sanctuary, which had been polluted
by idolatrous worship, and is now called by God "to set a pure sacrifice"

before the deity. In mis respect Yahoel appears to be envisioned in the text
not merely as an _angelus_ interp1·es whose role is tO guide a visionary on his
heavenly journey, but as a priesdy figure initiating an apprentice into celestial
sacerdotal praxis. Scholars have previously reflected on the peculiar cul tic

routine that surrOLmds the relationship between Abraham and his celestial
guide as he explains tO the seer how tO prepare the sacrifices, deliver praise

tO the deity, and enter the heavenly Throne room. Indeed, the intensity
of these sacerdotal instructions and preparations hin ts at the importance
of priestly praxis for the overall conceptual framework of the text. It also
appears that in the _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ as in many other Jewish accounts,

including I Enoch 14 and the _Teswme11t_ _of Levi_ 8, the entra nce of a seer
into the celestial realm reveals the cultic dimension and is envisioned as
a visitation of the heavenly Temple. Thus, scholars have previously noted
that the authors of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ seem to view heaven as a
temple. [14 ] This emphasis on the links of priestly praxis with the heavenly
sanctuary [15 ] does not appear coincident al in such a text as the _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham,_ which was written in a very special period of Jewish history. It was
a time when, faced wi th a wide array of challenges revolving around the loss
of the terrestrial sanctuary, the authors of the Jewish apocalyp tic writings

were seeking various theological alternmives for preserving and perpetuating
traditional priestly practices. The _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ is drawing on one
such option connected with the idea of the celestial sanctuary represented

by the divine Chariot when it offers the story of the young hero of the
faith who travels from the destroyed terrestrial shrine polluted by idols tO
the heavenly Temple.


Eschatological Yom Kippur 29



Indeed, priestly concerns permeate not only the second apocalyptic
section of the text, which deals with the patriarch's transition into the
heavenly realm, but the fabric of the entire pseudepigraphonl [6 ] It has also
been previously noted that besides Yahoel, whom the tex t envisions as
the heavenly high priest _par_ _excellence,_ the _Apocalypse_ _of_ Abraham offers
an extensive roster of other priestly characters, including "fallen" priests
culpable tor perverting true worship and polluting heaven ly and terrestrial
shrines. Thus, Daniel Harlow observes that besides the two "positive" priestly
servants represented by the high priest Yahoel and h is priestly apprentice
Abraham, the _Apocal.ypse of Abraham_ also offers a gallery of negative priestly
figures, including the "idolatrous priests" Terah and Nahor [17 ] as well as the
"fallen priest" Azazel. ' [8 ] Harlow's observation is sound and one can safely

assume that all the major characters of the Slavonic apocalypse have
priestly affiliations.
All these details demonstrate the importance of priestly praxis in the
conceptual framework of the Slavonic apocalypse, a work written at a time
overshadowed by the challenging quest for priestly and liturgical options



that could compensate for the loss of the terrestrial sanctuary.



Wh ile identifying the priestly settings of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_
does not pose sign ificant difficulties, understanding the relationship between
these sacerdotal rituals and initiations and a particular cultic setting or
festival is more challenging. To what kind of Jewish festival might the order
of Abraham's sac rifices and initiations be related? Several possibilities have
been entertained. Ryszard Rubinkiewicz suggests dlat the priestly initiations of
Abraham could be connected with the feast of _Sluwuot_ or Pentecost, which
commemorates the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai. [19 ] To support this
hypothesis, Rubinkiewicz appeals to certain "Mosaic" details of Abraham's
priestly initiation, including references to the seer's forty-day fast and the
naming of the place of the patriarch's sacrifices as Horeb.
Whi le these hints of a _Shavuot_ setring are valid, given the aforementioned
complexity of the sacerdotal universe of the Slavonic apocalypse, it is possible

that the priestly traditions found in the text are not limited to only one
particular setting or festival but possibly reflect connections with several events
of the liturgical yea r. Thus, some orl1er symbolic features of the Slavonic

apocalypse, including the figure of the main antagonist of the story, Azazel,
as well as pervasive usage of the terminology of two lots, suggest that the
imagery of the distinctive rites taking place on the Day of Atonement might
play a significant role in the authors' theological woddview.

This chapter examines the peculiar priestly traditions found in the
_Apocalypse of Abraham_ that might reflect a Yom Kippur liturgical setting. The
study will also try tO show that some portions of the second, apocalyptic part


30 Dark Mirrors


of the pseudepigraphon can be seen as a reenactment of the Yom Kippur
ritual, one of the most enigmatic cultic ceremonies of the Jewish tradition.


Mosaic Background of Abraham's Priestly Initiations

a nd the Day of Atonement



C hapters 9-12 describe the beginning t)f Abraham's priestly initiation, during

which Yahoel teaches the young hero of the faith how tO prepare sacrifices
in order to enter the presence of the deity. Scholars ha ve previously observed
that some details of this initiation recall the story of another remarkable
visionary of the Jewish tradition-the son of Amram, the seer who was
privileged ro receive a very special revelation on Mount Sinai.

As was already mentioned, the liturgical setting of Abraham's priestly
initiation might be related to the Festival of Weeks-Sha~mot or Pentecost. [20 ]

This feast celebrates Moses's reception of revelation at Mount Sinai and is
also known in Jewish tradition as the Festival of the Giving of Our Torah.

Indeed, as many scholars have already noted, some motifs found in
the _Apocal.ypse_ _of Abraham_ appear to reflect the peculiar deta ils surrounding
the reception of the Torah on S inai by the great Israelite prophet. One of
the distinctive hints here for establishing the connection with the Mosaic
traditions is the theme of Abraham's forty-day fast.

This motif is fi rst introduced in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 9:7, where God orders
Abraham to hold a strict fast for forty days.Z [1 ] It is noteworthy that, as in
the Mosaic traditions, so in the Slavonic apocalypse this fast coincides with
the promise of a divine revelation on a high mountain:


But for forty days abstain from every food which issues from fire,
and from the drinking of wine, and from ano inting [yourse lf]
with oil. And then yo u shall set out for me the sacrifice which
I have commanded you, in the place which I shall show you
on a high mounrain.2 [2 ]


The theme of the forty-day fast on the mountain receives an even more
distinctly "Mosaic" shape in chapter 12, where it coincides with anod1er
cluster of Mosaic traditions, including the reference to Horeb (a name for
Sinai in some biblical passages) and information about the nourishment of
a seer through the vision of a celestial being:


And we went, the two of us alone rogether, forty days and nights.
And I ate no bread and drank no wate r, because [my] food was tO
see the angel who was with me, and his speech with me was my
drink. And we came to the glorious God's mountains-Hereb Y


Eschatological Yom Kippur 31


Scholars often see in th is passage an allusion to Exodus 34:28, [24 ] wh ich repom

th at Moses was with God fony clays and forty nights on Mount Sinai without
eating bread or drinking water. [25 ] The reference _w_ alternative nourish ment
through the vision of a celesti al being again evokes the cluster of interpretive
traditions associated in Second Temple [26 ] and rabbinic literature [27 ] with the
figure of Moses.
Although the biblical accounts of Moses's and Elijah's theophanic
experiences often "mirror" each other by sharing similar imagery, [28 ] David

Halperin argues that in the _Apocal)•pse_ _of Abraham_ Mosaic traditions have
greater formative value than traditions about Elijah. He notes that


when the angel tells Abraham that he will see God "come suaight
towards us" (chapter 16), this reminds us that God "passes by"
both Moses and Elijah (Exod 33:22; 34:6; I Kgs 19:1 1- 12). But
it is only Moses who is told in this connection dlat "you cannot
see my face" and "my face shall not be seen" (33:20, 23), just
as the angel goes on to tell Abraham that God "Himself thou
shalt not see." Moses, not Elijah, "bowed down upon the earth
and prostrated himself" when God passed (34:8)-which explains
Abraham's frustrated urge to do the sa me thing (chapter 17). [29 ]


Previous studies have convincingly demonstrated the imporrance of
Mosaic typology for the authors of the _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ who decided
to transfer several im portant Mosaic motifs into Abraham's story. Yet, despite
scholars' thorough attention to the Mosaic background of the swry, one vital
detail appears to have escaped their notice: Moses's forty-day fast occurred
immediately after h is fight with idolatry and his destruction of the Golden
Calf, when he returned to Sinai again to receive a second set of tablets

from the deity.
It is intriguing that in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ as in the Exodus
account, the fo rty-day fast follows the hero's battle wi th idolatry. One can
see a certain parallelism between the stories of the two visionaries. Like
Moses who burns the Golden Calf (Exod 32) and then fasts (Exod 34),
Abraham too is desc ribed earlier in the text as burning the idol of his father,
a figurine bearing the name Bar-Eshath. [30 ] It is important that in both cases
the transition tO the initiatOry purifying fast occurs immediately after the
accounts dealing with idolatry and the demotion of idols.
The tradition of the hero's fast that occurs after his fight with an
idolatrous statue betrays distinctly priestly concerns and appears important
for discerning the sacerdotal background of Abraham's srory and its possible
connections widl Day of Atonement traditions. Yet the main question remains
open: How can a Yom Kippur setting be reconciled with the Mosaic details
of Abraham's initiation, given that these details point unambiguously to the


32 Da rk Mirrors


cluster of motif~ associated with the _Shavuot_ festival which celebrates Moses's
reception of the Tablets of the Law?
It is intriguing that later rabbinic writers identify the day on which
Moses received the tablets of the law for a second rime with ano ther
Jewish festival, the Day of AtOnement. T hus _b._ _Baba_ _Barra_ 12la records

dle following tradition:


One well understands why the Day of Atonement [should be
such a festive occasion for it is) a day of pardon and fo rgiveness.

[And it is also) a day on which the second Tables were given. [31 ]


An almost identical tradition is found in _b._ _Taanit_ JOb:


R. S imeon b. Gamaliel said: There never were in Israel greater
days of joy than the fifteenth of Ab and the Day of Atonement.
I can understand the Day of Atonement, because it is a day of
forgiveness and pardon and on it the second Tables of the Law
we re given. [32 ]


It appears that this cluster of traditions about the "day of pardon and
forgiveness" draws on biblical traditions similar to the one found in Exodus

32:30, where, after the idolatry of the Golden Calf, Moses te lls the people
th at he will go to the Lord asking for atOnement of their sin.

Several midrashic passages make even more explicit this connection
between the repentance of the Israelites after the idolatry of the Golden Calf
in Exodus 33 and the establishment of Yom Kippur. ln these materials the
Israelites' repentance serves as the formative starting point for observance
of the Day of Atonement. Thus, _Eliyyahu_ _Rabbah_ I 7 reads:


Wh.en Israel were in the wilderness, they befouled themselves
with their misdeeds, but then they bestirred themselves and
repented in privacy, as is said, Whenever Moses went our ro the
Tent, all dle people would rise and stand, each at dle entrance
of his tent, and gaze after Moses **.** And when Moses entered the
tent, the pillar of cloud would descend and stand at the entrance
of the Tent .... When all the people saw dle pillar of cloud

poised at the entrance of the Tent, all the people would rise
and bow low, each at the entrance of his tent (Exod 33:8, _9,_

10), thus intimating tha t they repented, each one in the privacy
of h is tent. Therefore His compassion flooded up and He gave
to them, tO their children, and to their children's children ro


Eschatological Yom Kippur


the end of all generations the Day of Atonement as a means of
securing His pardon Y



33



It is notewo rthy that this passage from _Eliyyahu_ _Rabbah_ invokes the memory
of the familiar events found in Exodus 33 that occurred immediately after the
Golden Calf episode. [34 ] The midrash ic evidence indicates that the rabbinic

tradition attemp ts repeatedly to place the institution of Yom Kippur's aton ing
rites into the framework of the tradi tions surrounding Moses's reception of
the seco nd set of the Tablets of the Law.
A passage found in Piri<e _de_ R. _Eliezer_ 46 unveils the tradition connecting
Moses's vision of the Glory of God in Exod _33_ with the Day of Atonement:


Moses said: On the Day of A tonement I will behold the glory
of the Holy One, blessed be He, and I will make atonement for

the iniquities of Israel. Moses spake before the Holy One, blessed
be He: Sovereign of aU the universe! "Shew me, I pray thee, thy
glory" (Exod xxxiii, 18). The Holy One, blessed be He, said to

him: Moses! T hou art not able to see My glory lest thou die, as
it is said, ''For men shall not see me and live . . . " (ibid, ZO)Js



This rradition of Moses's quest to behold the _Kavod,_ now placed in the

liturgical se tting of the Day of Aronement, anticipates the vision of the
concealed Glory of God in the Holy of Holies by the high priest on Yom



Kippur.



In view of the Mosaic traditions found in the Slavonic apocalypse, it is
_even_ more pertinen t for our study that severalmidrashic passages link Moses's
forty-day o rdeal on S inai with the institution of the Day of Atonement.
TI1e passage found in Pirke _de_ R. Eliez;er 46 preserves the following tradition:



The Son of Bethera said: Moses spent forty days on the mount,

expounding the meaning of the words of the Torah, and examining

its lette rs. After forty days he took the Torah, and desce nded on
the tenth of the month, on the Day of Ato nement, and gave
it as an everlasti ng inheritance to the ch ildren of Israe l, as it is
said, "And this shall be unto you an everlasting statute" (Lev.
xvi. 34)-' [6 ]


It is also intriguing that the passage from _Pirl<e_ _de_ _R._ _Eliezer_ links the
revelation given to the son of Amram with the instructions about Yom
Kippur in Leviticus 16. Another passage, _Elinahu_ Zuta 4, goes even farther
by connec ting rhe forty-day fast that preceded Moses's reception of rhe


34 Dark Mirrors


tablets for a second time with the establishment of d1e practice of self-denial
on Yom Kippuc


During the last forty days when Moses went up a second time
to Mount Sinai to fetch the Torah, Israel decreed for memselves
that the day be set aside for fasting and self-affliction. The last
day of the entire period, the last of the forty, they again decreed
self-affliction and spent me night also in such self-affliction as

would nor allow me Inclination ro evil ro have any power over
the m. In the morning they rose early and went up before Mount
Sinai. They were weeping as th.ey met Moses, and Moses was

weeping as he mer them, and at lengm that weeping rose up
on high. At once the compassion of me Holy One welled up

in their beha lf, and rlle holy spi:rit gave mem good tidings and
great consolation, as He said to them: My children, I swear by
My great name that this weeping will be a joyful weeping for
you because this day will be a day of pardon, aronemem, and
forgiveness for you- for you, for your children, and for your
children's children until the end of all generations [31 ]


All mis evidence from the rabbinic li terature indicates that in later Jewish
interpretation Moses's fight with idolauy, his forty-day fast, his vision of
the deity, and his reception of the porrenrous revelation on Sinai were
understood as a chain of formative eve nts linked to the establishment of
the Yom Kippur ceremony. Moreover, some of these traditions envisioned
Moses's ordeal as me cosmic prototype of the symbolic actions that, while
the Temple still srood, we re reenacted annually by me high priest in the
Holy of Holies.
Now it is time to return to the Slavonic apocalypse, where a very
similar constellation of motifs is found. It is possible mat by evoking mis
particular cluster of Mosaic traditions me authors of me apocalypse were
attempting to connect the pauiarch's sacrificial practices on Mount Horeb
with Moses's receiving the tablets of th e law for d1e second time, the event
whicl1 later rabbinic traditions interpreted as the inauguration of the Yom
Kippur holiday.

I r is intriguing that in the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham,_ as in the
aforementioned rabbinic accounts, the self-afflicting practice of the forry-day
fast mat follows th.e sin of idolatry is th.en connected to Day of A ton.ement

imagery. It is possible that in me Slavonic apocalypse, as in rabbinic accounts,
a very similar combination of Mosaic motifs is permeated with Yom Kippur
symbolism.


Eschatological Yom Kippur 35


Wh ile several scholars have previously pointed to the existence of Yom
Kippur imagery in the Slavonic apocalypse, no sufficient explanation was
offered for why this cluster of traditions surrounding the scapegoat Azazel

and the two lots suddenly appears in the Abrahamic pseudepigraphon. In
th is respect it is noteworthy that other Abrahamic pseudepigrapha (for
example, the _Tesramenc_ _of Abraham),_ while sharing some oth er common
conceptual tenets with the _Apoca.lypse of Abraham,_ _[38 ]_ do not show any interest

in appropriating Day of Atonemen t symbolism. Such imagery is also absent
from other early extra-bib lical elaborations of the patriarch's story found
in rhe Bool< _of Jubilees,_ Josephus, and Philo as well as in the later rabbinic
materials _(Genesis_ _Rabbah,_ _Tanna_ _Debe_ _El.iyyahu,_ _Seder_ _Eliyyahu_ _Ra.bbah)._ _[39 ]_

There too one fails to find any references to Azazel or the imagery of the

two lots, the very themes that play such a significant theological role in the
Slavonic apocalypse. The afore mentioned Abrahamic materials also contain

no references to the peculiar cluster of Mosaic traditions found in our text.

Yet the uniq ueness of this constellation of motifs opens up the
possibility that in the Slavonic apocalypse the story of the patriarch might
be patterned not according tO biblical Mosaic typology but according to a
later version, found also in the aforementioned rabbinic accounts, wh ich
now connects the hero's fight with idolatry and his practice of self-denial
with the establishment of the observance of the Yom Kippur festival. ln this

respect, the highly "developed" shape of certain Mosaic themes found in
the apocalypse-such as, for example, the motif of the unusual nourishment
of a seer during his forty-day fast-points to apparent departures from the
early bib lical bluep rint.


Two Lots


From a Sacrificial Animal to a Fallen Angel


One of the challenges in arguing for a Yom Kippur setting in the _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham_ lies in the fact that the accounts of Abraham's sacri ficial practices
lack any explicit reference to the two goats of biblical and rabbinic traditions.
These emblematic sacrificial animals played a distinctive role in the Yom

Kippur rite, wherein one goat was sacrificed tO God and the other was
released into the wilderness for Azaze l. [40 ]

Yet in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ a writing that exhibits a great deal
of influence from the Enochic tradition, allusions to the Yom Kippur ritual
seem tO be affected also by Enochic rein terpretation of the scapegoat imagery

and especially the enhanced symbolism of its chief antagon ist, the scapegoat


36 Dark Mirrors


Azazel, envisioned now not as a sacrificial animal but as a demoted celestial
being. Scholars have previously noted that in the _Book_ _of the_ _Watchers_

the scapegoat rite receives a striking, angelological rei nterpre tation in
incorporating some details of the sacrificial ritual in tO the srory of its main
negative hero- the fallen angel AsaeL T hus 1 En. 10:4- 7 reads:


And further the Lord said to Raphael: "Bind Azazel by his hands
and his feet, and throw him into the darkness. And sp li t open

the desert which is in Dudael, and throw him there. And throw
on him jagged and sharp stones, and cover him with darkness;
and let him stay there for eve r, and cover his face, that he may
not see light, and that on the great day of judgment he may
be hurled into the fire. And restore the earth wh ich the angels
have ruined, and announce the restOration of the earth, for I
shall restore the earth. [41 ]


Several distinguished studen ts of the apocalyptic traditions have
previously discerned that some deta ils of Asael's punishment are reminisce nt
of the scapegoat rirual. [41 ] Lester Grabbe points ro a number of parallels
between the Asael narrative in _l Enoch_ and the wording of Leviticus 16,
including "the similarity of the names Asael and Azazel; the punishment
in the desert; the placing of sin on Asaei/Azazel; the resultant healing of
the land." [43 ] Daniel Stokl also observes that "the punishment of the demon
resembles the treatment of the goat in aspects of geography, action, time and
purpose." [44 ] Thus, the place of Asael's punishment designated in _1 Enoch_ as

_Dudael_ is reminiscent of the rabbinic terminology used for the designa tion
of the ravine of the scapegoat (11ni1 _I_ nni1 n' J ) in later rabbinic
interpretations of the Yom Kippur ritual. Stokl remarks that "the name of
place of judgment (Dudael-1i11:-J n'J) is conspicuously similar in both
traditions and can likely be traced to a common origin."H

Several Qumran materials also appear cognizant of this angelological
reinterpretation of the scapegoat figure when they choose to depict Azazel
as the eschatological leader of the fa llen angels, incorporating him into the
story of the Warcl1ers' rebellion. Thus 4Q180 1:1-10 reads:


Interpreta tion concerning the ages which God has made: An
age to conclude [all th at there is) and all that will be. Before
creating them he determined [their) operations [according to the
precise sequence of the ages,) one age after ano ther age. And this
is engraved on the [heavenly) tablets [for the sons of men,] (for)
/[a)ll/ the ages of their dominion. This is the sequence of the
son[s of Noah, from Shem to Abraham,] [unt)il he sired Isaac;


Eschatologic al Yom Kippur


the ten [generations ... ] [ ... ) Blank [ ... ] [And] interpretation
concerning 'Azalel and the angels wh(o came to rhe daughters
of man] [and s]ired themselves giants. And concerning 'Azaz'el

[is written ... ] [tO love] injustice and to let him inherit evil for
all [his] ag[e . . . ] [ .. . ] (of d1e) judgments and the judgment of

the council of [ ... ). [46 ]



37



Lester Grabbe points to another important piece of evidence-a fragmentaty
text from the _Book of_ Giants found at Q umran ( 4Q203). [4] i In m is document [48 ]



the punishment for all the sins of the fallen angels is placed on Azaze l. [49 ]



Later rabbinic materials also link me sacri ficial animal known from
me scapegoat ritual to the story of the angelic rebels. Thus, for example,
_b._ _Yoma_ 67b records the fo llowing tradition: "The School of R. Ishmael
taugh t: Azazel- [it was so called] because it obtains aronement fo r the affair
of Uza and Aza'el." [50 ]

As can be seen, the conceptual link between the scapegoat and the
fallen angel is documented in a nu mber of important materials across a
substantial span of hisrory. A broad scholarly consensus now recognizes



this connection.



It appears th at such an "angelological" pattern also operates in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ where Azazel, like me antagonist of the Enoch ic
tradition, is envisioned as a fallen angelic being. lt has previously been noted
mat the Azazel srory in d1e apocalypse reflects several peculiar derails of the
Enochic myth of the fallen Watchers. 5 [1 ] For example, Rubinkiewicz argued that



the author of me _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ follows the tradition
of _1 Enoch_ 1- 36. T he chief of the fallen angels is Azazel, who
rules the stars and most men. It is not difficult to fi nd here the
tradition of Genesis 6:1-4 deve loped according to the tradition
of _1 Enoch._ Azazel is me head of the angels who plotted against

the Lo rd and who impregnated me daughte rs of men. T hese
angels are compared ro d1e scars. Azazel revealed the secrets
of heaven and is banished to the desert. Abraham, as Enoch,
receives the power to drive away Satan. All these connections
show ma t the aumor of me _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ drew upon

the tradition of _1 Enoch._ _[52 ]_



It is clear that in the Slavonic apocalypse, as in the Enochic and Qumran
materials, Azazel is no longer a sacrificial animal, but an angelic being. Already
in his first appearance in chapter 13:3-4, [53 ] he is depicted as an unclean
(impure) bird (Slav. liTH~a HC'IHCT<ll-1). [54 ] In the pteromorphic angelological
code of _Apocalypse. of Abraham,_ which chooses ro pomay Yal•oel wid1 d1e


38 Dark Mirrors



body of griffin, the bird-like appearance of Azazel points _w_ his angelic
fonn.SS

The ass ump tion that Azazel was once an angelic being is further
supported by _Apoc. Ab._ 14, which tells about the celestial garment that the
fallen angel once possessed: "For behold, the garment which in heaven was
formerly yours has been set aside for him (Ab raham)."~

Yet in comparison with the early Enochic developments, the angelic
profile of Azazel appears to be more advanced. Lester Grabbe suggests that
"Azazel is no longer just a leader among the fallen angels but _the_ leader of

the demons.'' [51 ]


The Goat for YHWH?



Abraham's symmetrical role in relation ro Azazel in the Slavonic apocalypse
again evokes the memory of the Enochic tradition and its legendary hero-the
seventh antediluvian patriarcl1. In both cases the protagonists appear to be
mirroring their respective negative counterparts, as both StOries portray them
exchanging attributes and roles with one another. just as Enoch takes the
priestly and celestial offices of Asael, while the fa llen angel assumes some
human roles, so in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ Azazel surrenders his angelic
garment to the hero of the faith. Both parries, thus, accept the roles and
offices of their counterparts as they enter the realms of their opponents.

In th is respect it is noteworthy that the transition of the antagonist of the
Slavonic apocalypse into the lower realm, as in the case of Asael of the
Enochic tradition, encompasses two steps: his removal firs t to the earth, [58 ]



then further, to the fiery abyss of the subterranean sphere. [59 ]



Furthermore, similarly tO the Book _of_ rhe _\Varchers,_ in the Abrahamic
pseudepigraphon the protagonist progresses in the direction opposite to his

negative counterpart by ascending in to heaven, as he acquires a special status
and a celestial garment that allows him to enter the celestial sanctuary. [00 ]
The progression of the patriarch into upper sancta has here, as in _1_ _Enoch,_

a sacerdotal significance, as it betrays connections with the Yom Kippur
ceremony of the high priest's entrance into the divine presence. Moreover, it
is possible that Abraham's progressive movement into the heavenly Holy of
Holies might be understood here as encompassing not only the priestly but
also the sacrificial dimension, in view of the patriarch's symmetrical position

_w_ the celestial scapegoat, by virtue of wh ich Abraham's lot is repeatedly
juxtaposed with the lot of Azazel.
The Slavonic text conceals many derails, and it remains unclear whether
Abraham is understood in the Slavonic apocalypse as the sacrificial goat
for the Lord. Yet, some cryptic traditions found in the text might hint at


Eschatological Yom Kippur 39


this possibili ty. As is known from th e biblical and rabbinic descriptions of
the Yom Kippur ritual, the flesh of the goat" [1 ] for YHWH was destwyed by
fire, while his blood (which represents in Jewish tradition the soul of the
sac rificial an imal) was then brought imo the Holy of Holies by the high
priest and used there for purilicationY

In light of these traditions, could Yahoel and Abraham's entrance into
the heavenly Throne room in chapter 18 be understood as an allusion to
the entrance of the high priest who brings the purifying sacrifice into the
Holy of Holies on Yom Kippur?

It is interesting that in _Apoc. Ab._ 13:4- 5, Azazel warns his counterpart
representing the "divine" lot that he will be destwyed by fire along with
other sacrificial animals:



And the impure bird spoke co me and said, "\X'hat are you
doing, Abraham, on the holy heights, where no one eats or
drinks, nor is there upon them food of men? But these will all
be consumed by fire and they will bum you up. Leave the man
who is with yo u and flee! S ince if you ascend to the height,

they will destroy yo u." [63 ]



Azazel's ominous warning remains one of the most profound puzzles
of the text. Yet the motif of a seer's encounter with fire appears significant

for the authors of the pseudepigraphon, who envision fire as a theophanic
substance su rrounding the very presence of the deity. Thus, later in the text,
Abraham's transition into the divine realm is described as his en trance into

the fire. [64 ] Could the pro mise of a celestial garment to the patriarch in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Ab-raham_ signify here, as in many other apocalyptic accounts,
th at his "mortal" body must be "altered" in the fiery metamorphosis [1][65 ]

Unfortunately, the text does not provide direct answers fo r such inquiries.
In order to beuer understand Abraham's connections with the "divine"
lot, which might help us further clarify his eschatOlogical role as the "goat
for YH\VH," we must now explore the imagery of the two lots found in
the Slavonic apocalypse.


Eschatological Lots


We have already noted that the remarkable angelic meta morphosis of the
sac rificial animal associated with the lot of Azazel has had a long-lasting
conceptual afterlife in Jewish apocalypticism and its eschatology. Ye t one
should not forget ano ther essential aspect of Yom Kippur symbolism that
similarly exercised a formative in flue nce on some Second Temple apocalyptic


40 Dark Mirrors



materials, including the Dead Sea Scrolls. In the Qumran writings one
encounters a broad appropriation of the imagery of two lots, symbolism
that has profound significance in the scapegoat ordinance. Like the figure
of Azazel, who is enhanced with a new celestial profi le, the imagery of the
sacrificial lots also receives a novel escha rological reinterpretation. Thus, in
a number of Qumran materi als such as lQM, IQS, 4Q544, and 11Q1 3, the

two lots become associated not with two sacrificial goats but with celestial
protagonists, both positive- such as Melchizedek or the Angel of Light, as
well as negative-such as Melchirda<, Belial, or the Prince of Darkness.
Those fascina ting characters come to be understood in these documents as

the leaders of the "portions of hu manity" associated with the lots of good
and evil, darkness and light.O<\ In Q umran documents one can find repeated
references ro these eschatOlogical lots representing the respective good
and evil portions of humani ty, often designated as "the men of the lot of

Melchisedek" [67 ] ( 11Q 13 2:8) or "the men of the lot of Belial" [68 ] (SQ!l 1:3) .

Such eschatological reinterpretation of the lots looms large in the
_Apocnlypse_ _of Abraham_ as well. Numerous references ro the two lots can be
found in the second part of the pseudepigraphon. Scholars have previously

noted d1 at the peculiar conceptual elaborations tha t surround the imagery
of the lots are rem iniscent of the eschatological re interpretations and

terminology found in the Qumran materials. [69 ]



Yet in comparison with the Qumran mate rials, connec tions to the
unde rlying formative pattern of the scapegoat ritual appear even more
distinctive and d1erefore more easily recognizable in d1e Slavonic accounts
of the lots. [70 ] Thus, in _Apoc. Ab._ 13, in one of the first passages in the

text to invoke imagery of two "lots" or "portions," one can easily discern
allusions tO particular details associated with Yom Kippur obse rvance. _Apoc._
_Ab._ 13:7-8 reads:


And he [Yahoe l) said to him, "Reproach is on you, Azaze l! Since
Abraham's portion is in heaven, and yours is on earth, since yo u
have chosen it and desired it to be the dwelling place of your
impurity. Therefore d1e Eternal Lord, the Mighty One, h as made
you a dweller on earth." [11 ]


Here the distinctive reference to the dwelling place of the "impurity" of the
antagonist immediately recalls the motif of the removal of impurity into
anomer realm by means of Azazel, a concept mat plays a prominent role

in the original scapegoat ceremony.
Further co nnections can be seen in the descrip tion of the other
lot, associated with Ab raham. Thus, similarly to d1e Day of Atonement


Eschatological Yom Kippur 4 1


commemoration, wherein d1e lot of the goat for YHWH is called the lot
for the Lord, in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 20:5 the lot of Abraham is designated as the lot
of the deity (my [God's] lot):


And the Eternal Mighty One said to me, "Abraham, Abraham!"
And I said, "Here am I!" And he said, "Look from on high at

the stars which are beneath you and count them fo r me and tell
me their number!" And I said, "Would I be able? For I am [but]
a man." And he said to me, "As the number of the stars and
their host, so shall I make your seed into a company of nations,
set apart for me in my lot with Azazef.'>12



This identification of the positive lot wi d1 the lot of God is also present in



the Qumran materials. [13 ]



While the parallels between rhe imagery of the lots found in the
_Apocalypse of Abraham_ and in Qumran. materials have often attracted scholars'
attention, they have often failed to discern the pronounced similarities with
the rabbinic developments. Yet the intriguing details in the descriptions of
the lots in the Slavonic apocalypse seem _w_ point to close connections with
later rabbinic reinterpretations of Yom Kippur imagery found in the Mishnah
and the Talmud. A captivating parallel here involves the spatial arrangement
of the lots on the left and right sides, fo und both in the Slavonic apocalypse



and in rabbinic materials.



A passage found in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 22 portrays two portions of humanity
arranged according to the two lots and situated on the left and righ t sides:



And he said to me, "These who are on the left side are a

multitude of tribes who we re before and who are destined tO be
after you: some for judgment and justice, and others for revenge
and perdition at the end of the age. Those on the righ t side of

the picture are the people set apart for me of the people [that
are] with Azazel. These are the ones I have destined to be born
of you and ro be called my people." [14 ]


In _Apoc. Ab._ 27:1- 2 and 29:11, this division of the two lots arranged on
the left and right is repeated again:


And I looked and saw, and behold, the picture swayed, and a
heathen people went out from its left side and they captured

those who were on the right side: the men, women, and children.
And some they slaughtered and others they held with them.
(Apoc. _Ab._ 27:1- 2)


42 Da rk Mirrors


And th at you saw going out from d1e left side of the picture and

those worsh iping him, this [means mat] many of rlle heathen
will hope in him. _(Apoc_ _. Ab._ 29:11)



It should be noted d1at while in the Qumran materials rlle spatial arrangement
of the lots on the left and right sides does nor play any important theological

role, such a distinction receives its paramount ClJtic significance in the
rabbinic descriptions of rlle Yom Kippur custom of the selection of rlle goats. n

In rllis respect it is intriguing tha t the spatial arrangement of the lots
on d1e left and the right sides in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ is reminiscent
of the descriptions found in rlle mishnaic treatise _Yoma_ _,_ where the ritual
selection of two goats-one for YHWH and the oilier for Azazel-also
operates wirll rlle symbolism of the left and right sides.

Thus in m. _Yoma_ 4 :1 the following tradition is found:


He shook the casket and took up the two lots. On one was
written "For d1e Lord," and on the oilier was written "For Azazel."
The prefect was on his right and d1e chief of his farller's house
on his left. If the lot bearing the Name came up in his right

hand the Prefect would say to him, "My lord High Priest, raise
thy righ t hand"; and if it came up in his left hand the chief of

the fa ther's house would say tO him, "My lord High Priest, raise
thy left hand." He put them on d1e two he-goats and said "A
sin-offering ro the Lord." [16 ]



Al though rlle passage from Mishnah does not openly identify rlle right side

wid1 rlle divine lot, as does the Slavonic apocalypse, d1e Babylonian Talmud
makes this connection explicit. Thus _b._ _Yoma_ 39a reads:



Our Rabbis taught: T hroughout the forty years that Simeon the

Righteous ministered, d1e lot ["For the Lord"] would always co me
up in the righ t hand; from th at rime on, it would co me up now
in the righ t hand, now in the left. And [during the same time)
the crimson-colored strap would become white. From that time
on it would at times become white, at others not.l [7 ]



This imagery of the selection of the goats in rabbinic materials, in
which the scapegoat is placed on the left and the goat fat the Lord on the
righ t, recalls the spatial arrangement of the lots in rlle Slavonic apocalypse
where the divine lot is similarly situated on the right side and rlle lot of
A z.azel on the left side. [18 ]


Eschatologic al Yom Kippur


Reenactment of the Yom Kippur Festival in the
Apocalypse of Abra ham : The Scapegoat Ritual


The High Priest and Azazel



43



As in rhe Enochic tradition where the profiles of both protagonists [19 ] and
antagonists [80 ] often reveal their cultic affi liations, in the Slavonic apocalypse
too both Azazel and Abraham are envisioned as priestly figures. As has
already been mentioned, this sacerdotal vision permeates rhe fabric of the
entire pseudepigraphon, in which all main characters are endowed with cultic

roles. The most spectacular cultic attributes are, of course, given to Yahoel,
who is presented in rhe text as the heavenly high priest and the celestial
choirmaster. The repeated instructions about sacri ficial ri tes and proper
liturgical procedures that he conveys to h is human apprentice, Ab raham,
reveal Yahoel as the most distinguished sacerdotal figure of the story. It is
possible that, in his role as instructor and revealer of cultic mysteries, Yahoel
discloses his teachings to the patriarch not only in speech but also th rough
direct participation in priestly praxis. One such instance may be seen in
chapters 13 and 14 of rhe Slavonic apocalypse, where Yahoel appears tO

perform one of the central ordinances of the Yom Kippur aton ing ceremony,
in which impurity is transferred onto Azazel and the scapegoat is dispatched
into the wilderness.

Thus, in _Apoc. Ab._ 13:7- 14, the following arcane encounter between
rhe high priest Yahoel and the scape·goat Azazel can be found:


"Reproach is on you, Azazel! Since Abraham's portion is in
heaven, and yours is on earth, since you have chosen it and
desired it tO be the dwelling place of your impurity. T herefore
the Eternal Lord, the Mighty One, has made you a dweller on
earth. And because of you [there is) the wholly-evil spirit of

the lie, and because of you [there are) wrath and trials on the
generations of impious men. Since the Eternal Mighty God did

not send the righ teous, in their bodies, to be in your hand, in
order to affirm through them the righteous life and dle destruction
of impiety .... Hear, adviser! Be shamed by me, since you have
been appointed to tempt not _w_ all the righteous! Depart from

this man! You can not deceive **him,** because he is rhe enemy of
you and of dlose who fo llow you and who love wh at you desire.
For behold, rhe garment which in heaven was formerl y yours has
been set aside for him, and the corruption which was on him
has gone over tO you." [81 ]


44 Dark Mirrors


In view of the cultic affi liations of Yahoel, it is possible th at his
address to the scapegoat has a ritual significance, since it appears to be

reminiscent of some of the actions of the high priest on Yom Kippur. TI1.e
first thing that draws attention is that Yahoel's speech contains a command
of departure: "Depart from this man!" Crispin Fletcher-Louis has noted a
possible connection between this command found in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:12 and
the dispatching formula given to the scapegoat in m. _Yoma_ 6:4: "Take our
sins and go forth ." [8] 2

Scholars have also pointed out that some technical terminology found
in chapter 13 appears to be connected with Yom Kippur terminology. Daniel
Stokl draws attention to the expression about "sending" thi ngs to Azazel
in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:10, [83 ] which Alexander Kulik traces to the Greek term
&.n:o01:£A./,oo or Hebrew n '/(0. [84 ] Stokl proposes that this terminology "might
allude tO the sending out of the scapegoat." [85 ]

The phrase "dwelling place of your im purity" is also noteworthy since
it alludes to the "purgation" function of the scapegoat ceremony, the rite
that centered on removing the impurity heaped on the sacrificial animal ro
the "dwelling" place of the demon in the wi lderness.

The putting of reproach and shame on Azazel in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:7 and
13:11 may also relate to the ritual curses bestowed upon the scapegoat.
Another imponan t detail of Yahoel's speech is the angel's mention
that the co rruption of the fo refather of the Israelite nation is transferred
now ro Azaze L

Reflecting on th is utterance of rhe great angel, Robert Helm sees its
connection to the Yom Kippur settings by proposing that "the transference
of Abraham's co rruption to Azazel may be a veiled reference to the scapegoa t

rite." [86 ] Similarly, Lester Grabbe also argues that d1.e phrasing in the statement
th at "Abraham 's corruption h as 'gone over ro' Azazel suggest[s] an act of
atonement." [81 ]

It is also possible tha t the high priest Yahoel is performing here the
so-called "transference function"- the crucial part of the scapegoat ritualwhen the h igh priest conveys d1.e sins of Israel onto the head of the goat
d1rough confession and the laying-on of hands. [88 ]


Abraham and the Scapegoat


It is quite clear that in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ Yahoel functions as a
senior priest explaining and demonstrating rituals to a junior sacerdotal
servant-Abraham. [89 ] This parallelism between the instructions of the master
and the actions of the appremice is manifested already in the beginning of
the apocalyptic section of the text, where the patriarch fa ithfully follows


Eschatological Yom Kippur 45


the orders of his angelic guide about the preparation of the sacrifices. <JO The
same pattern of sacerdotal instruction, in which orders of the master are
then followed by the petformance of the disciple, is also discernable in the
depiction of the ritual of dispatching the scapegoat.
In the _ApocaLypse of Abraham,_ after Yahoel's own "handling" of Azazel,
the angel then verbally instructs Abrah am on how to deal with the scapegoat:


Say to him, "May you be the fire brand of the furnace of

the earth! Go, Azazel, into the unrrodden parts of the earth.
Since your inheritance are those who are with yo u, with men

born with the stars and clouds. And their portion is you, and

they come into being through your being. And justice is your
enmity. Therefore through your own destruction vanish from
before me!" And I said the words as the angel had taught me
_(Apoc. Ab._ 14:5-8). [91 ]



In this narrative the dispatching formulas appear ro be even more decisive
and forceful th an in d1e previously investigated passage from chapter 13,
now including such commands to the scapegoat as: "Go" (Slav. **ll)Vt)** **[92 ]** and
"Vanish from before me" (Slav. 6y/U.l OT MCHe uC'le3JJJ,) . [93 ]

Another capti va ti ng detail is that the dispatching formula "Go, Azazel,
into the untrodden parts of the earth" designates the destination of the
demon's removal as "the untrodden parts of eard1." The word unrrodden

(Slav. 6ecnpoxo"Ha) [94 ] is significant since it designates a place uninhabitable
Clit. impassable) to human beings.

Reflecting on the language of Lev 16 where the scapegoat is dispatched
"to the solitary place" (i11D r1~ - 'i~ ) "in the wilderness," (1:nDJ ),9 [5 ]

Jacob Milgrom observes that "the purpose of dispatching the goat to the



wilderness is to remove it from human habitation." [96 ]



In view of these observations, it is possible that in the _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham_ one encounters ano ther, so-called "elimination," aspect of the
scapegoat ritual whereby impurity mus.t be removed from the human oilmmene

into an inhabitable (or in the language of the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham,_
"untrodclen") realm.
In d1is respect Daniel Stokl also observes that the terminology found
in _Apoc. Ab._ 14:5, where Azazel goes " into untrodden parts of the earth,"
is reminiscent of d1e Septuagint version's translation of Leviticus 16:22
els yijv &~a-rov97 and the expression chosen by Philo in _De_ _Specialibus_



els yijv &~a-rov97 and the expression chosen by Philo in _De_ _Specialibus_

_Legibus_ 1:188 in his description of Yom Kippur." [8 ]

The concluding phrase of the passage from chapter **14,** which reports
that Abraham repeated the words he received from the great angel, confirms


46 Dark Mirrors


our suggestion that Abraham is depicted here as a sort of a priestly apprentice

receiving instnJCtions from his master Yahoel and then applying this knowledge
in dispatching the scapegoat. [99 ]


Conclusion


ln the conclusion of our study of the Yom Kippur imagery discernable
in the second part of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ we should again draw
attention to the possible connections between d1ese sacerdotal traditions
and the conceptual developments found in the first, haggadic section of

the pseudepigraphon.
As has already been memioned, rl•e first part of the text is also permeated
with cultic concerns as it depicts the idolatrous wo rship of the household
of Terah, envisioned there d1rough the metaphor of the polluted sanctuary.
The section ends with the demise of the infamous house of wo rship and

the death of its sacerdotal servants-Abraham's father Terah and his brother
Nahor- perishing in the fi re of d1e destroyed shrine polluted by idols.

In this respect it is intriguing mat the description of the Yom Kippur
ritual found in Leviticus 16 also begins with a reference to two priests who
have perished: Aaron's sons Nadab and AbU1u who, like Terah and Nahor
in the Slavonic apocalypse, were killed by the fi re proceeding from God
because their improper priestly practice defiled the sanctuary.

This reference to priests who have perished and caused a contamination
that now requires purgation appears to serve well the cultic agenda of Leviticus
16, which tl1en offers the description of the purificatory rite of Yom Kippur. [100 ]
As was already seen, later rabbinic materials that link the Golden Calf
episode with the establishment of Yom Kippur hint at this correspondence
between sacerdotal transgression and the need for its cultic repair.

In light of the aforementioned traditions, it appears that the
reenactment of the Yom Kippur observances found in the second part of
the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ also fi ts nicely in the overall srructure of the
Slavonic pseudepigraphon, where the hero's transition from the polluted and
destroyed sanctuary depicted in the beginning of the story to the true place
of wo rship shown him by deity at the end is mediated by the atoning ritual.


**The** **Garment of Azazel in** **the**

_**Apocalypse**_ _**of Abraham**_


[T] hese garments are after the supernal pattern, as we have learnt: "There
is a High Priest above and a high pTiest below, raiment ofhonOlu above
and ra iment of honour below."


_-Zohar_ 1.217a


Just as there are levels and palaces o n t he side of holiness, so also on the
side of unc.leanness.


_-_ _Zohar_ 11.263a


Introduction


The _Apocalypse_ _of_ Abraham baffles its readers' imaginations with a plethora
of sacerdotal motifs. From its very first lines, this enigmatic text suives tO

portray young Abrah am and his relatives as cultic servants performing priestly
duties in a sa nctuary filled with idolatrous statues. The readers of the text
soon recognize that its peculiar cultic concerns permeate the fabric of the
entire pseudepigraphon. Indeed, its authors appear ro assign specific cultic

roles tO almost all of the srory's characters. As the narrative progresses, and
the deity removes the young hero of the faith from the defiled house of
worship and sets hi m on a celestial journey to the true sanctuary in heaven,
new characters endowed with sacerdotal functions begin to enter the story.
The most spectacular cultic responsibilities are given to Abraham's
celestial gu ide, the angel Yahoel, whom the text envisions as the heavenly
high priest and the celestial choirmaster of dle Living Creatures. Both h is
peculiar li turgical duties vis-a-vis the Throne Room's angelic creatures and
his bold access to the divine presence reveal Yahoel's status as a vety special
celebrant mi nistering in the celestial sanctuary. As has been noted before,


47


48 Dark Mirrors


some of Yahoel's actions are reminiscent of the cultic acts of the high priest,

that unique sacerdotal servant who was able to enter the divine presence in
the Holy of Holies on Yom Kippur. In light of the striking panoply of priestly
motifs in the _Apoc._ _Ab.,_ indeed it seems that its authors had not forgotten
this central sacerdotal ordinance of the Jewish tradition-a major cultic
event laden wid1 portentous revelatory opportunities. As the story develops,
and Yahoel leads his human apprentice, Abraham, into the celestial Holy
of Holies located in me upper heaven, the cluster of mocifs pertaining ro

this special awning rite become more and more distinctive. Scholars have
noted previously that the instructions Yahoel conveys to Abraham invoke
the memory of peculiar symbolic actions and rituals that took place on me
Day of Atonemen t. Moreover, it has even been suggested that, in chapters
13 and 14, Yahoel performs the climactic ac tion of the awning ceremony
on Yom Kippur, that is, me enigmatic scapegoat ritual, by which impurity
was transferred onto a goat named Azazel and then, through him, dispatched
into the wildemess. [1 ]

Yet despite striking similarities with Yom Kippur traditions found
in biblical and rabbinic accounts, the: aud1ors of the Slavonic apocalypse
strive to refash ion the ancient rite in. accordance with a new apocalyptic
outlook, which sees the earmly version of the atoning ritual as a reflection
of celestial and eschatological realities. In this perspective, one may recognize
a new cosmic dimension of the aroni ng ordinance, which is envisioned

in me Slavonic text as the eschatological Yom Kippur. T hat we li nd this
emphasis on the heavenly and eschatological dimensions of the sacerdotal
symbolism in a transitional text such as the _Apoc._ _Ab._ is no coincidence.

lt was written during a unique period in Jewish histoty, when apocalyptic
aud1ors, faced with a wide array of challenges stemming from d1e destruction
of the Jerusalem Temple, embraced various alternatives for continuation
priestly practices. When it envisions heaven as the true place of worship,
and depicts Abraham as an adept of the heavenly priestly praxis en tering

me celestial Holy of Holies, the _Apocalypse_ _of_ Abraham evinces one such
sacerdotal option.

Veiled symbolism, which reveals both apocalyptic and sacerdotal
realities, accompanies the seer's cultic entrance into heaven. Thus, in the
_Apocnlypse of Abraham,_ as in many oilier Jewish pseudepigraphical na rratives,
the hero's entrance into the sacred realm coincides with his peculiar
transformation as celebrant of the celestial liturgy. This metamorphosis,
hinted at symbolically via the change in Abraham's ontological garments, was
often taken ro mark the transition from an earthly to a celestial condition.

Here, as in me Yom Kippur ordinance, the metamorphosis of the celebrant's
wardrobe is the pinnacle of transformational experience.


The Garment of Azazel 49


Although prev ious studies have explored many facers of the Yom
Kippur imagery in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ suffi cient attention has nor
yet been paid to the peculiar metamorphoses which the srory's (human and
angelic) protagonists and antagonists seem to experience in the course of
their participation in the drama of the eschatological Yom Kippur ritual.
The present study aims to further explore the Yom Kippur traditions in d1e
Slavonic apocalypse by paying special attention to the transformational

aspects of mis enigmatic atoning ritual.


The Protagonist 's Transformation


The Lost Attires


The _Apocalypse of Abraham_ can be divided into two parts. The fi rst, "haggadic"
section (ch apters 1 through 8) depicts the young hero of the fai th as a paladin
against his farner Terah's idolatrous statues. T he second, "apocalyptic" part
(which occupies the work's remaining chapters) describes Abraham as he
prepares for his heavenly journey, progresses into rhe abode of the deity, and
acquires eschatological mysteries. This second section unveils one of the most
important dyna mics ro be found in the Jewish apocalyptic accounts when
both positive and negative characters progress intO the respective realms of
their eschatological opponents, and frequently assume d1e roles and offices
of their counterparts. [2 ] In such accounts, a seer and h is demoted opponent(s)
often confront each other on their journeys to their new habitats.;

_Apoc._ _A_ _b._ 13, where Abraham encoun ters his eschatological antagonist
in the form of the fallen angel Azazel, may represent a pivotal point of
this dynamic of exaltation and demotion. In the course of th is encounter,
Abraham's _angelus_ _interpres,_ Ya hoel, informs both parties that the celestial
garment of d1e demoted angel must now be transferred to a new ow ner-the
translated hero of the fa ith. Thus _A_ _poc._ _Ab._ 13 :7- 14 reads:


"Reproach is on you, A zazel! Since Abraham's portion is in
heaven, and yours is on earth, since you have chosen it and
desired it to be the dwelling place of your impurity . . . . For

behold, the garment which in heaven was formerly you rs h as
been set aside for h im, and th e corruption which was on him
has gone over to you." [4 ]


The pivotal transfo rmational motif invoked in this passage- namely,
the promise of new attire ro d1e translated hero- signifies not merely a rather


50 Dark Mirrors



unusual expansion of the patriarch's wardrobe, but his ontological transition
from the form of a human being to the status of celestial citizen. Such
endowmems with celestial attire are not unusual in apocalyptic literature.
Seers often receive angelic garments. ln 2 En. 22, for example, Enoch is
clothed with a luminous angelic garment, which makes his body similar co

dle glorious bodies of the ange lic servants. Such a metamorphosis is of great
anthropological significance: it signals a rerum to the original luminosity



me first humans lost after their transgression in Eden.



In dle _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ the hero's transition also seems to invoke
the memory of the procological scory, in which dle luminous clothes of the
heavenly beings were exchanged for garments of skin. Abraham's endowment
with angelic garments may, therefore, signal an eschatological return to the
protoplast's original condition. Several of the text's students have, in fact,
noted this possibility. Louis Ginzberg, for one, suggested the possible Adamic
background and pointed to parallels in the targumic materials and in _Pirl<e_
_de_ _Rabbi_ _Eliezer_ 20.; Indeed, the transference of a garment from the demoted
angelic antagonist to an exalted human protagonist is an important theme



throughout the Adamic lore.



Some of the currents widlin this tradition entertain the unusual
notion that even the original, luminous garments of the first humans had
come from a demo ted celestial being. This can be seen, fo r example, in the
_Targum_ _Pseudo-Jonathan_ on Gen 3:21, a passage mat treats me etiology of

the first humans' luminous attire. According to this targumic interpretation,
dle original humans were endowed with lumi nous garments that had been
stripped from the serpent:



And the Lord God made garmems of glory fo r Adam and for his
wife from the skin which the serpent had cast off (to be worn)
on the skin of their (garments of) fingernails of which they had
been Stripped, and he clothed mem. [0 ]


Later midrashim are also aware of the enigmatic provenance of the procoplasts'
luminous garments. Thus, for example, _Pirke_ _de_ _Rabbi_ _Eliezer_ 20 reads:


Rabbi Eliezer said: From skins which the serpent sloughed off,

the Holy One, blessed be He, took and made coats of glory for
Adam and his wife, as it is said, "And the Lord God made for
Adam and his wife coats of skin, and clothed them.";


T hese passages seem ro unve il the dynamic of exaltation and de motion

noted above; they suggest that the protagonist's apotheosis, signaled dlrough
his acquisition of lumi nous attire, comes as a result of the denigration of


The Garme nt of Azazel 51


the erstwhile favorite, who is now stripped of his exalted status. While the
new possessors of exalted status are drawn, by the wi ll of God, to their
dignified abodes, their antagonistic counterparts are forced into exile from

their elevated domiciles.
The tradition of the first humans' clothes of glory, mentioned in Targum
_Pseudo-Jonathan_ and _Pirke_ _de_ _Rabbi_ _Eliezer,_ is important for our study. The
mo tif of Abraham's endowment wi th a garment stripped from the fallen
angel cannot be properly understood without exploring the array of traditions
associated with Adamic "clo thing metaphors"- a seminal conceptual cluster
whose roots can be traced already to some biblical developments. [8 ] In order to
fully grasp these roots, a short excurs us into several biblical and extra biblical
texts is necessary.


The Garments of Light


Genesis 1:26-27 and 3:21 are pivotal sta rting points for subsequent Jewish
and Christian reflection on the glorious garments of Adam and Eve. Genesis
1:26 describes d1e creation of huma nity after the likeness (nlDi) of the
image (O?:::t) of God. Notably Gen 1:26- 27 refers to the o?:::t _(cselem)_ of
Adam, the lum inous image of God's glory according to which Adam was
createtP Thus, Adam's _tselem_ was created after God's own _tselem_ (UO ?~::!.

literally "in our tselem")- a kind of luminous "imitation" of the glorious
_tselem_ of God. Later rabbinic interpretations often argue that the likeness
th at Adam and God shared was not physicali ty, in the usual sense of having
a body, but rather luminescence. [10 ] In th is context, the firs t hu mans' clothing
in garments of glory was often taken by later interpreters as a replication
of the state of the deity, who, according to some biblical passages, was also
clothed in glory and majesty. [11 ]

It is therefore especially noteworthy that, amidst such major conceptual
developments, Genesis 3 contains a cluster of motifs pertaining to the first
humans' atti re. According tO Gen 3:21, the deity fashioned for h is beloved
creatures a set of enigmatic clod1es- "garmen ts of skin." Th is text is usually

understood to refer to God's clod1ing of Adam and Eve's nakedness _after_ the
Fall. Some scholars, however, argue that sufficient evidence exists to suggest
anod1er interpretation of the time reference in Gen 3:21. According to this
alterna tive reading, the verbs in Ge n 3:21 are ro be taken as pluperfects
referring to the status of Adam and Eve at d1eir creation _before_ the Fall. [12 ]

Several extra-biblical materials also show familiarity with the traditions
Of the gloriOUS garmentS Of the OfS[ humans. [13 ] TI1e mO tif iS apparent, for
example, in the elaborations of the protoplast story found in the _Books_ _of_
_Adam_ and _Eve._ Some versions of the Primary Adam _Books_ allude to the story
of d1e original garments of light once possessed by the first humans. In d1e


52 Dark Mirrors


Armenian version of the LAE (at 20: I), a testimony about rhe tragic loss
of the garments comes directly from the mouth of one of the protoplasts,
when Eve recollects the dramatic momen t of the garments' disappearance:
"At that hour l learned with my eyes that I was naked of the glory with
which l had been clothed." [14 ] This passage hints not only at the proroplasts'
original possession of the glorious cloth es, but also at their ominous stripping
after the FallY

Despite this unhappy memory, humanity's return ro the glorious garments
of the protoplast seems, already in the _Primary_ _Adam Boob_ _,_ tO have been
eschatologicall y foreshadowed. [16 ] A suggestive hint appea rs at the scene of
Adam's burial (which is fou nd in the s.ection dealing with Adamic funerary

rites). His body is covered with linen vestments brought from Paradise,
imagety wh ich serves as a sign of the esch atOlogical re-clothing of humani ty
and its return tO the protoplasts' origin al attire:


After th is, God spoke to Michael and sa id, "Go to the Garden
of the [third) heaven and bring [me) three li nen cloths." When

he had brought d1em, God said tO Michael and tO Ozel and tO
Gabriel, "Bring these linen clo d1s and cover Adam's body, and

bri ng sweet oil." They brought them and set them around him
and wound him in that garment (Armen ian version). li


The rabbinic materials reaffirm d1e tradition of the first humans' glorious

garments. The rargumic traditions, both Palestinian [18 ] and Babylonian, [19 ] while

rendering Gen 3:21 "the Lord God made for Adam and h is wife garments
of skin and clothed them," read "garments of glory" instead of "garments of
skin." This targumic interpretation is supported by a wide array of midrashic
sources. TI1us, fo r example, _Genesis_ _Rabbah_ 20:12 says that the scro ll of
Rabbi Meir read "garments of light" (1 1 ~ rmn::::J) instead of "garments of
skin" (iUi mm ::::J):


ln R. Meir's Torah it was found written, "Garments of light: this
refers to Adam's garments, which we re like a torch [shedding
radiance], broad at the bottom a nd narrow at the top." [20 ]


Another midrashic co mpilation, _Pirl<e_ _de_ _Rabbi_ _Eliezer_ 14, also knows d1e

mo tif of the protoplast's glorious garmem:


What was the dress of the first man? A skin of nail and a cloud
of glory cove red him. When he ate of the fruits of d1e tree, d1e

nail-skin was stripped off h im and the cloud of glory departed
from him, and he saw himself naked. [21 ]


The Garme nt of Azazel 53


Indeed, th is motif continued to be developed in the rabbinic context
for millennia. In one of the later Jewish mystical compendiums, the _Book_
_of Zohar_ l.36b, one finds an echo of the same tradi tion about the luminous
garments. As was the case at _Genesis_ _Rabbah_ 20, this Zoharic passage also

uses the same word play, 1 1 ~ / 11iJ:


At fi rst they had had coats of light (11~ ), wh ich procured them

the service of the highest of the high, for the celestial angels
used tO come tO enjoy that ligh t; so it is written, "For thou hast
made hi m but little lower than the angels, and crowns him with
glory and honor" (Ps. vii i, 6). Now after their sins they had only
coats of skin (11iJ), good for the body but not for the soul.2 [2 ]


The Glory of the Fallen Angel


The biblical Adam ic tradition represents, in many ways, the formative
bedrock of the later apocalyptic and mystical developments centering on
the eschatological re-d othing of the translated patriarchs and prophets, who
change the "attire" of their ontological conditions, often at their opponems'
expense.

In the Adamic story one also finds the roots of the peculiar etiology,
noted above, according tO which the proroplasts themselves received their
unique status, manifested in luminous garments, as a result of the demotion
of an exalted angelic being. In these traditions, Adam literally takes dle
exalted place and glorious garments of the antagonist. One of the early
specimens of such a tradition can be found again in the _Primary_ _Adam Books,_
where Satan's removal from h is elevated glorious place is set in conceptual
symmetry with the creation and exaltation of Adam. Moreover, the _very_

fact of the first human's entrance into the world serves, in this text, as the
reason for Satan's dismissal; several versions of the _Primary_ Adam _Books_
connect Satan's removal from his exalted dwelling with his refusal to bow
down before the deity's newly created favorite.
Thus, for example, in the Armenian version of the _Life. of Adam_ and
_Eve_ 12: 1-16:2, the infamous celestial rebel himself describes the reason for
his dramatic exile from the throne of the che rubim and the dwelling of light:



Satan also wept loudly and said to Adam. "All my arrogance
and sorrow came to pass because of you; for, because of you

I went forth from my dwelling; and because of you _I_ was
alienated from the throne of the cherubs who, having spread
out a shelter, used tO enclose me; because of you my feet have
trodden the earth .... Thereupon, God became angry with me


54 Dark Mirrors


and commanded to expel us from our dwelling and to cast me
and my angels, who were in agreement with me, to the earth;
and you were at the same time in the Garden. When l rea lized

that because of you I had gone forth from the dwe lling of light
and was in sorrows and pains." [23 ]


This enigmatic passage graphically reveals the origins of the long-lasting
drama of competition and revenge that will later overshadow the whole
hisrory of humankind. Yet it also hit1ls at the mysterious dynamics of the
celestial realm, a hierarchical world where the rise of the deity's new favorite
almost inevitably leads to demise of the old, who now must sunender his

unique status, reflected in his garment, to his replacement. It would seem
that this unique wardrobe, which signifies the distinctive starus of the servan t
vis-a-vis the Divin ity, cannot be divided amongst many.

In the _Life_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ Satan repeatedly describes his original
condition through metaphors of glory and light. These are precisely the
formulae often used in the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books_ ro describe first humans'
celestial atti re. T hus, in the Latin version of the aforementioned text

( 12.1 - 16:2), the Adversary describes his lost condition through the symbolism
of "glory":


"0 Adam, all my enmi ty, jealousy, and resentment is cowa rds

you, since on account of you I was expelled and alienated from
my glory _(gloria_ mea), which I bad in heaven in the midst of

the angels. Then the Lord God grew angry with me and sent me
forth wi th my angels from our glory _(gloria_ _nostra)._ On account
of you we were expelled from our dwelling into this world and
cast out upon the earth . Immediately we were in grief, since we

had been despoiled of so much glory _(gloria),_ and we grieved to
see you in such a great happiness of deligh ts." [24 ]



The demoted antagonist's alienation from his former glorious state, then, is

seve ral times set in parallel to the exaltation and gifts given to the protoplast:
"since we had been despo iled of so much glory _(gloria),_ and we grieved to
see you in such a great happiness of delights."z; Later rabbinic traditions also
seem tO know this motif, as they roo find explanations for the provenance
of the first humans' luminous attire in. the stories of demoted amagonists.


The Cultic Significance of the Clothing Metaphors


Although d1e enigmatic exchange of conditions and garments between hero
and antihero is already familiar from rhe stories of the first humans, in the


The Garment of Azazel 55


accouncs of the exalted patriarchs and prophets- who attempt to regain
the protoplast's lost attire-the antagonist's demotion receives a new, one
might say _atoning,_ significance via its frequent connection to priestly and
liturgical traditions. When placed in a cultic dimension, the antagonist not
only vacates, by his demotion, the exalted place intended for a new hero,
but also and more importantly fulfill s a purifying or cathartic function. In

this perspective, the demo ted figures are often understood as scapegoats, who
take upon themselves humanity's impurity and sins and transport this heavy
burden into the remote abode of the ir exile. This seems ro reflect one of
the fundamental cultic dynamics manifested in d1e Yom Kippur ordinance,
where humanity's entrance into the deity's presence is put in conspicuous
correspondence with the removal of human sins into the wilderness by the
means of the scapegoat.

This Yom Kippur imagery appears ro play a significant role in the
conceptual framework of the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham._ Yah oel's promise
regarding the transference of the celes.tial garment to the patriarch coincides,
in the text, with the angel's testimony that Abraham's sins-literally "his
corruption"- are transferred to Azazel:


"For behold, the garment which in heaven was formerly yours
has been set aside for him, and the corruption which was on
him has gone over to you." _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:7- 14}.2 [6 ]


Scholars have previously argued that this striking nexus of motifs is not
coincidental, as it betrays a subtle link to the Yom Kippur ordinanceY Hence,

it is possible that the motif of the patriarch's cloth ing also bears sacerdota l
significance, and is perhaps even related to the cultic symbolism of the Day
of Atonement. The text may envision the vestments Abraham receives from
Azazel as priestly garments transferred from a demoted celestial priest to a
new cultic se rvant. ln order to further clarify the sacerdotal dimension of
the celestial garment tha t Abrah am receives from the infamous angel in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ a short in troduction ro the traditions of the clod1ing
and re-clothing of the chief cultic celebrant on Yom Kippur is required.
Even a cursory review of the role played by clothing imagery in the
atonement ritual demonstrates that the symbolism of the heavenly garments
looms large in this cultic ordinance; indeed, it is one of the most pivotal
transformational symbols in the entire Yom Kippur ceremony. It is well know n
from biblical and rabbinic materials th at this festival reached its climax in the
high priest's entrance into the Holy of Holies. As noted above, this strongly
rese mbles ce rtain dynamics of jewish apocalyptic accoums, where the seer's
en trance inro the deity's abode often coincides with the meta morphosis of
h is earthly bod y. This signals the arrival of a new citizen of the celestial


56 Dark Mirrors


communi ty, who now needs new "clothing" to secure his safety in the upper
abode. In these accounts, as in the Yom Kippur ceremony, the change of
"garmen ts" occurs upon the seer's en trance into the celestial Holy of Holies

(often represented by the divine T hrone Room).
Despite these striking resemblances, the possible apocalyptic roots of
dle Yom Kippur ritual re main shrouded in mystery. Did the ritual described
in Leviticus deve lop as a dialog ical reaffirmation of the practices of
heavenly ascent, that is to say, as the earthly complement to the visionary's
eschatological entrance into the celestial Holy of Holies? Or, quite otherwise,
did dle Levitical ritual arise as a polemical response to such practices, th at

is, as an attempt to discourage the praxis of the heavenly priesthood by
establishing an alternative cultic framework that li mits the access to the
divine presence on earth ro the members of certain pries tl y clans? [28 ] There
is no clear solution to th is question. Yet while the origins of this correlation
between apocalyptic sy mbolism and Yom Kippur imagery remain unclear to

the modern scholar, it is interesting to note that the imaginations of earliest
interpreters were no less baffled by this striking parallelis m. Let us now revisit
some of these early exegetical efforts to grapple widl the prorological and
apocalyptic dimensions of the Yom Kippur ritual.


Yom Kippur and the Garden of Eden


As in the narratives of apocalyptic ascent, the transformation of a human
person, upon entering the deity's domain, stands at the very center of the
Yom Kippur ritual; and as the apocalyptic literature often casts the visionary's
ascent in terms of rewrn to the pro tological abode lost at the Fall, so

roo the Yom Kippur ritual seems ro entertain an im portant ontological
transition, tied at once both to the story of the protological mishap and
to humankind's eschatological restoration. [29 ] In this respect, the Day of
Aconement's sacerdotal drama, which culminates in the breaching of the
boundary separating human and divine realms, brings us tO a very peculiar
nexus, not only of escharological, but also of prorological motifs. More
precisely, this ritual does not stop at rehearsing the drama of humankind's
demotion and expulsion beyond the boundaries of the celestial Garden. It
speaks of the exiled creature's eschatt)logical joy, for he is now permitted,
by means of th is ritual, to reenter h is lost abode and regain h is abandoned
domain and status.
This explains why several early Jewish texts sometimes identify the
Holy of Holies with the Garden of Eden. One instance of this iden tifica tion
can be found in the _Book of Jubilees._ Robert Hayward notes that


jubilees states tha t Eden is holier than all the rest of the earth

(3:12). According to 8:19, Noah knew that the Garden of Eden


The Garment of Azazel


is the holy of holies, and the dwelling of the Lord, and Mount
Sinai the centre of the desert, and Mount Zion-the centre of
the navel of the earth: these duee were created as holy places
facing each other. It would appea r, then, that Adam and Eve were
brought inro the Holy of Holies prior to their disobedience: their
expulsion from Eden d1us signifies their removal from the place
where God's Presence on the earth is most immediate fo r lsraeP [0 ]



57



Hayward goes on ro suggest that, in these traditions, "the high priest's
entry inro the Holy of Holies on Yom Kippur might, then, in some manner
typologically correspond to the first man's return to Eden, for a season, to
be reconciled with his Maker face to face."' '

It is important ro note, in this connection, mat me theme of me first
humans' peculiar attire, and its sacerdotal significance, does not escape the
attention of the author(s) of the _Book of Jubilees._ Thus, Hayward observes that

the protoplast's garments were possibly understood, in this text, as priestly
robesn He points especiall y to _Jubilees_ 3:26-27, where Adam is clod1ed by
the deity prior to his entrance intO the Garden of Eden, and then offers
sac rifice to God. [33 ] Noting d1e subtle deta il that Adam made his offering
_after_ God had clothed him, Hayward suggests that _"Jubilees_ possibly held

that God had made for Adam priestly vestments." [34 ] He thus proposes that,
for the _Book_ _of Jubilees,_ Adam is "constituted the first priest in a succession

which will lead ro Levi,l [5 ] and then co Aaron and his sons." [36 ]


Ontological Robes


T he motif of the protoplast's sacerdotal ves tments, received from the deity

upon his entrance into the Garden of Eden, reaffirms the ideological tenets
of the Yom Kippur ritual, with its keen attention to the cultic attire suitable
for the respective realms. Yet, here as in other cases, clothing metaphors

have ano the r, anthropological meaning. They suggest a change, not only in
the adept's sacerdotal wa rdrobe, but .in his ontological condition.

In several late Second Temple Jewish texts, the ontological dimension
of the celebrant's sacerdotal clothes on Yom Kippur receives special attention.

Philo, for instance, understands the exchange of the high pries t's garments
not merely as symbolic steps of the cultic routine, but as sy mbols of transition
between two ontological conditions, one earthly and another celestial. In
_De_ _Mucatione_ Nominttm 43-44, he retlects on me peculiar symbolism of
the high priest's two robes, seeing them as the distinctive "attires" befitting
divine and human realms:


It was th is thought which prompted Moses when he wove the
tabernacle, dividing its precincts into two, and set a curta in


58 Dark Mirrors


between the parts to distinguish the inner from the outer; when
too he gilded the sacred ark which holds the laws both within
and without, and gave the high priest two robes, the linen robe
to be worn within, the many-colored one with the long skirt tO
be worn outside. These and the like are symbols of a soul which
in inward things is undefiled towa rds God and in outward things
is pure towards the world of our senses and human lifen


In th is passage, the li nen robe of the high priest (the garment worn
by the celebrant in the Holy of Holies) and his multicolored vesun ent
(worn outside the inner Sanctum) ate understood as divine and human
dimensions of the souP [8 ]

At De _Specialibus_ _Legibus_ 1.84, Philo returns tO the theme of the
sacerdotal clod1ing and comments on the materials from which both garments
are fashioned. The fine linen of d1e sacerdotal garment worn in the Holy
of Holies signifies the immortality of the one who wears it, in contrast to

the priestly clo d1es worn omside the inner shrine, and made of wool-a
material taken from the hair of a mortal creature.


The h igh priest is bidden to put on a sim ilar dress when he
enters the inner shrine to offer incense, because its line linen is

not, like wool, the product of creature subject ro death, and also
to wear another, the formation of which is very complicatedJ [9 ]


While, the celestial status of the sacerdotal adept who enters the inner
sancta is only hinted at in this text, several places in _De_ Somniis (Som.

2.28 §189; 2.34 §231) [40 ] unambiguously affirm the unique ontological status
of the Yom Kippur celebrant by pointing to his "non-human" nature during
his stay in the Holy of Holies:


a being whose nature is midway between [man and) God, less
than God, superior to man. "For ·when the high priest enters the
Holy of Holies he shall not be a man ." [41 ]


Moreover, it seems that Philo conceives of the high priest as a mediator,
who, by entering d1e Holy of Holies, breach es the bounda1y separating
earthly and heavenly realms. Thus, for example, in De Somniis 11.231 he

unveils the following tradition:


The good man indeed is on the border-line, so that we may say,
quite properly, that he is neid1er God nor man, but bounded at
either end by the two, by mortal icy because of his manhood, by


The Garme nt of Azazel



59



incorruption because of his virtue. S imilar to this is the oracle
given about the high priest: "when he enters," it says, "into the

Holy of Ho lies, he will not be a man until he comes om." And
if he then becomes no man, clearly neither is he God, but God's
mi nister, through the mortal in him in affinity with creation,
though the immortal with d1e uncreared, and he retains this
midway place until he comes out again to the realm of body
and flesh.H


All these distinctive testimonies from a great Hellenistic writer show that
he, not unlike othe r early interpreters, tried to envision the Yom Kippur

riwal as a transfo rmative sacerdoral event, which prolep tically anticipates and
celebrates the eschatOlogical return of humankind tO its original immortal
conditionY


Clothes of Ascent


We have seen th at biblical and rabbinic accounts of the Yom Kippur ritual
demonstrate striking similarities to a cluster of peculiar motifs also prominent
in Jewish apocalyptic and mystical texts. We also observed that the roots
and priority of these mutual correspondences are difficult to establish, since
already in some biblical accounts the Yom Kippur symbolism betrays its
distinctive visionary mold. Wh ile d1e u ue extent of the apocalyptic influences
on the Yom Kippur ritual remain shrouded in mystery, it is quite clear that

this ritual's imagery has captivated apocalypticists' imaginations for many
generat ions. T he earliest jewish visionary accounts, stemm ing from me

Enochic tradition, seek to establish the apocalyptic thrust of the aronement
ritual on a new conceptual level, and propel its distinctive symbolism in an
entirely new eschatological dimension. The striking potential for humankind's

metamorphosis, cryptically embedded in the priestly rite through the changes
of the celebrant's garments, rhus receives further symbolic elaboration in the
transformational accounts of the apocalyptic tradition. In the literature of
this tradition, the initiate's daring eyes behold an array of transformational
possibilities, which, Lmtil this apocalyptic moment, had remained deeply
concealed under the veil of the sacerdotal ritual.
In extra-biblical pseudepigraphic accounts, the transformational dll'ust
of d1e Yom Kippur ritual reaches its new concep tual and symbolic dimension.
The adept of this kind of apocalyptic narrative is not merely dressed in
the linen garb of the sacerdota l clothes upon his entrance into the divine
presence. T he profound and often terrifying changes he experiences far surpass
h is lofty wardrobes; h is very flesh and bones are suddenly annihilated by the
divine fi re, [44 ] the substance that refash ions the visionary's mortal body into


60 Dark Mirrors


an angelic or even a divine corporeali cy. The striking metamorphoses affect

not only the protagonist of the apocalyptic narrative, but also his infamous
counterpart. Demoted subjects, including fallen angels, are drawn into an
overarching drama of transformation, thus becoming parr of the cosmic
ordeal mysteriously outlined in the Yom Kippur ritual. Like its sacerdotal
celebrants, the other actors in the ritual-including the scapegoat, its

infamous antagonistic sacrifice-are also reinterpreted eschatologically and
cosmically in the apocalyptic tradition.

A rema rkab le example of the apocalyptic reformulation of an
antagonist is found in the _Book_ _of cl1e_ _Warchers,_ an early Enochic work
stemming from the eady Second Temple period. In this text, the scapegoat

rite is reinterpreted angelologically, via the incorporation of details from
the Yom Ki ppur ritual into the histOry of its rebel, the fallen angel Asael.
The cosmic tragedy of the angelic servant's demotion unfolds in the midst
of the exaltation of the patriarch Enoch . Notably fo r our investigation, the
profiles of both characters are overlaid wi th explicit and implicit liturgical
connections. Thus, Asael, who is envisioned as the sacrificial agent of the
aroning ritual, is openly juxtaposed wi th Enoch, who is undersrood as the
celestial high priest entering d1e heavenly Holy of Holies. While Asael and
other Watchers abandon their stations and attempt to assume a variety of
human roles-including familial dmies of husbands and fathers [4] ;-Enoch
progresses into the upper realm and assumes various angelic roles. Here,
as in the _Apoca.lypse_ _of Abraham,_ d1e offices of the fallen angel(s), which
correspond to his unique celestial status, are transferred to a human being en
_route_ to the divine presence. This exchange of "gifts" between posi tive and

negative characters is reciprocal; the angelic antagonist also receives a gift,
though a ra ther unpleasant one, in the fo rm of the "defilement" associated
with the human condition.

This dynamic mimics the peculiar processions of protagonist and
an tagonist on the Day of Atonement, in the course of which the high priest
en ters the divine presence while me scapegoat is exiled into the wi lderness. [16 ]
The _Book_ _of the_ _Watchers_ reflects the same cultic pattern, as its hero Enoch

progresses in the opposite direction of his antagonistic counterpart Asael,
ascending into heaven and acquiring a special priestly status that allows him

to enter the celesti al sancruary. Several scholars have previously noted this
pointY _I_ En. 14:9- 18 reads:



A.nd I proceeded until I came near to a wall which was built of
hailstones, and a tongue of fire surrounded it, and it began to
make me afraid. And I went intO the tOngue of fi re and came near

to a large house which was built of ha ilstones, and the wall of


The Garment of Azazel



61



that house (was) like a mosaic (made) of hailstones, and its floor
(was) snow. Its roof (was) like the path of the stars and flashes
of lightning, and among them (were) fiery Cherubim, and their
heaven (was like) water. And ( there was) a fire burning around
its wall, and its door was ablaze with fire. And I went inro that
house, and (it was) hot as fire and cold as snow, and d1ere was
neither pleasure nor life in it. Fear covered me and trembling,
**l** fell on my face. And l saw in d1e vision, and behold, ano d1er
house, which was larger than the former, and all its doors (were)
open before me, and (it was) built of a tongue of fire. And in
everything it so excelled in glory and splendm and size that 1
am unable to describe to you its glory and its size. And its floor
(was) fire, and above (were) lightning and me pam of the stars,
and its roof also (was) a burning fire. And I looked and I saw

in it a high throne, and its appearance (was) like ice and its
surroundings like the shining sun and the sound of Cherubim. [45 ]


In commenting on this passage, Martha Himmelfarb draws attention ro the
peculiar description of the celestial edifices rhat Enoch encounters in his
approach to the Throne. The Ethiopic text repons that, in order to reach
God's Throne, the patriarch passes through three celestial constructions:

a wall, an outer house, and an inner house; the Greek version mentions
a house instead of a wall. As Himmelfarb obse rves, "(M]ore clearly in the
Greek, but also in the Ed1iopic, this arrangement echoes the structure of d1e
earthly temple with its ves tibule (IJ?i~ ), sanctuary **(** **'?::J'i1),** and the Holy
of Holies **(i'Ji)."** **[49 ]** God's throne is located in me innermost chamber of
this heavenly structure and is represented by a throne of cherubim (14:18).
It can be seen as a heavenly co unterpart to the cherubim found in the Holy
of Holies in the Jerusalem Temple.

Himmelfarb also suggests that in the _Book of the_ Watchers the patriarch
himself, in the course of his ascent, becomes a priest, ;o similar tO the
angels. [51 ] In this light, Enoch's angelic status and priestly role;z appear to
be interco nnected. Himmelfarb stresses th at "d1e author of the _Book_ _of che_
_Watchers_ claims angelic status for Enoch through his service in the heavenly
temple," since "the ascent shows him passing through the outer court of the
temple and the sanctuary ro the door of the Holy of Holies, where God
addresses him with h is own mouth."B The seer's entrance into the divine
Throne Room, and vision of the Glory of God, suggests strongly that the
_Book_ _of the_ _Watchers_ elaborates an apocalyptic version of the Yom Kippur
celebration, which, like its earthy cultic counterpart, culminates with the
celebrant's entrance into the divine presence.


62 Dark Mirrors


Ahhough the apocalyptic reenactment of the Yom Kippur ritual in the
_Book_ _of che Wacchers_ does not openly invoke the imagery of the celebrant's
garments, other pseudepigraphic accounts often do. For example, in the
depiction of the initiation of a heavenly priest reflected in the _T._ _Levi_ 8
and 2 En. 22, symbolism of sacerdotal clothes looms large.;q Moreover, as

in the aforementioned Adamic developments, these descriptions also betray
distinctive protological connections; at both _T._ _Levi_ 8 and 2 En. 22, the
priesdy investitures of the hero appear ro be understood as the glo rious
garments of the first humans. The _T._ _Levi_ 8:2- 10 offers the following depiction
of Levi's celestial investiture:


And I saw seven men in white clothing, saying to me: Arise, put
on the robe of the priesthood and the crown of righteousness and
breastplate of understanding and the garment of truth and the
plate of faith and the turban of (giving) a sign and the ephod of
prophecy. And each of them carried these things and put them
on me, and said: From now on become a priest of the Lord, you

and your seed for ever. And the fi rst anointed me with holy oil
and gave a staff of judgment. The second washed me with pure
wa ter and fed me with bread and wine, most holy things, and
put rOLmd me a holy and glorious robe. The third clothed me
with a linen vestmen t like an ephod. The fo rth put round me
a girdle like a purple (robe). TI1e fifth gave me a branch of rich
olive. The sixth put a crown on my head. The seventh put on

me a diadem of the priesthood. And they filled my hands with
incense that I might serve as a priest to the Lord.;>


In this stunning passage, the visionary acquires a glorious robe- an event
tied to a whole array of subtle allusions to the actions and attributes of the
high priest. The ves tment's glo rious na ture invokes the memory of the first
humans' garments, and a series of other prorological markers reinforce this
connection. One such hint may be th.e olive branch, wh ich possibly refers
CI)'Ptically both to a menorah and to rhe Tree of Life, and thus provides an

important conceptual bridge that helps to unify the narrative's protological
and sacerdotal dimensions.

In 2 En. 22, the visionary's reception of the glorious garment again
appears alongside a cluster of cultic and protological motifs. 2 En. 22:9
depicts Enoch's anival into the deity's abode. This entrance into the divine
presence necessitates an adjustment in Enoch's wardrobe. Then the archangel
Michael extracts Enoch from his clothes and anoints him with delightful
oil. This oil is "greater than the greatest light and its ointment is like sweet
dew, and the fragrance [like] myrrh; and it is like rays of the glittering
sun." [56 ] This anointing transforms the patriarch, whose garments of skin are


The Garme nt of Azazel 63


replaced by the luminous garment of an immortal angelic being, one of the
glorious ones. As in the _Testament of Levi,_ the unity of the story's sacerdotal

and protological dimensions is secured through. the pivotal arboreal symbol:
thus, it appears that that the oil used in Enoch's anointing comes from the
Tree of Life, which in _2_ En. 8:3-4 is depicted with a sim ilar symbolism:


[T]he tree [of life] is indescribable for pleasantness and tine
fragrance, and more beautiful than any (od1er) created ming that
exists. And from every direction it has an appearance which is
gold-looking and crimson, and wid1 the form of tire Y


The shoner recension refers to a second olive tree, near the first, which
is "flowing with oil continually." [58 ] Here, as in the _Teswment_ _of_ Levi, the
adepc's initiation and re-dressing coincides wid1 h is anointing, which tries
to unify several theological dimensions, sacerdotal as we ll as protological. In
this respect, Enoch's investiture with celestial garments and anointing with
shining oil represents not only his priestly ini tiation, but the restOration of
fallen humanity.

The _Primary_ _Adam_ _Bool<s_ also anest to th is anointing tradition and
underscore its significance in the eschatological restoration of the protoplast.
The tradition surfaces, for example, in the Armenian version's depiction
of Adam's burial; the proroplast is clothed with linen garments brought by
archangels from Paradise, and then ano inted with oil:


After this, God spoke to Michael and said, "Go to the Garden
of the [mird] heaven and bring [me) three linen cloms." When
he had brough t d1em, God said ro Michael and ro Ozd and to
Gabriel, "Bring d1ese li nen clod1s and cover Adam's body, and
bring sweet oil." They brought them and set them around him
and wound him in tha t garment.; [9 ]


In light of th is Adamic passage, it seems rather clear th at the ano inting of
Enoch in the Slavonic apocalypse signals the re turn of fallen humankind to
the original condition of the protoplast and his garments of light.

Disti nctively sace rdotal symbolism also permeates the scene of
resroration in 2 _Erwch._ Martha Himmelfarb observes that "the combination
of clothing and ano inting suggests that the process by which Enoch
becomes an angel is a heavenly version of priestly investiture." [6] ° Crispin
Fletcher-Louis also discerns a cultic dimension in Enoch's newly acquired
garments, suggesting that


Enoch's transformation in 2 Enoch is greatly indebted to priesrly
practice and its understanding of investiture. The myrrh fragrance


64 Dark Mirrors


of the oil of Enoch's anointing recalls rhe sacred oil of anointing

prescribed by Moses for the tabernacle in Exod 30:22-23. The
compa rison of the oil with sweet dew is perhaps a reflection of

Psalm 133:2- 3 where there is a parallelism between the oil running
down d1e head of Aaron and th.e dew of Mount Hermon. T he
reference to the glittering rays of the sun is yet one more witness

to the theme of priestly luminescence. The specific comparison of
the oil of anointing with the sun's rays is ultimately dependent
on the priestly tradition within the Pentateuch since there the
oil of anointing is placed in God's fourth speech _w_ Moses in

Exod 25-31 as a parallel within the Tabernacle instructions to
the creation of the sun, moon and stars on the fourth day of
creation (Gen 1:14-19). In general terms Enoch's investiture

is indebted tO the scene in Zechariah 3 where the high priest's
old clothes are removed and replaced with new ones. In that
scene too the priest is attended by angels, just as Michael acts
as Enoch's attendant in _2 Enoch_ (see T. _Levi_ 8). In _2_ En. 22:6
Enoch is granted permanent access to God's throne room, just
as Joshua is given rights of access to d1e heavenly realm in Zech
3:7. The concluding chapters of 2 _Enoch_ (chs. 69-73) are devoted
to the priestly succession after Enoch's ascension. [01 ]


In the past, scholarly attention has been often focused either on the cultic
or protological dimensions of Enoch's anointment and investiture. [62 ] Yet,
sometimes, students of 2 _Enoch_ h ave proved reluctant to recognize the
synthetic nature of this imagery. Nevertheless, in the Slavonic account
priestly and prorological details seem to be seamlessly interwoven.


Priestly Garments of Abraham


It is now time to return tO the _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ where the transference
of Azazel's angelic garment to d1e patriarch reflects similar sacerdotal
associations. Scholars have previously noted dlat the details in the enigmatic
story of Abraham's changing wardrobe seem to invoke traditions from several

biblical prophetic texts. Recall that, in _Apoc._ Ab. 13, Abraham is caught up
intO an arcane interaction between the demon Azazel and the angel Yahoel.
Azazel attempts to discourage Abraham from ascending into the celestial

realm, warning him that he will be clesrroyed there by fire, while Yahoel
tries to strengthen the will of Abra ham and rebuke the demon.
That fact that Abraham stands between two celestial figures, [63 ] one of
whom is a good angel and the other his evil counterpart, [64 ] is remin iscent


The Garme nt of Azazel 65


of the account in Zechariah 3, where the high priest Joshua is depicted as
standing between two spidts. [65 ] In Zechariah, as in the Slavonic apocalypse,
disti nctive priestly concerns are conflated wi th the motif of the change of
garments; thus Zechariah 3-4 reads:


Then he showed me the high priest Joshua standing before

the angel of the Lord, and Satan standing at his right hand to
accuse him. And the Lord said to Satan, "The Lord rebuke you,
0 Satan! The Lo rd who has chosen Jerusalem rebuke you! Is
not th is man a brand plucked from the fi re?" Now Joshua was
dressed with filthy clothes as he stood before the angel. The
angel said to those who were standing before him, "Take off his
filthy clothes." And tO him he said, "See, I have taken your guilt
away from you, and I will clothe you with festal apparel." And
I said, "Let them put a clean turban on h is head." So d1ey put
a clean turban on his head and clothed him with the apparel;
and the angel of me Lord was standing by. T hen the angel of

the Lord assured Joshua, saying "TI1us says the Lord of hosts:
If you will walk in my ways and keep my requirements, then
you shall rule my house and have charge of my couns, and 1
will give you the right of access among those who are standing
here. Now listen, Joshua, high priest, you and your colleagues
who sit before you! For they are an omen of things to come: I
am going to bring my servant the Branch. For on the stone that

I have set before Joshua, on a single stone wi th seven facets, I
will engrave its inscription, says me Lord of hosts, and I will
remove d1e guilt of th is land in a single day. On that day, says
the Lord of hosts, you shall invite each orher to come under
your vine and fig tree." The angel who talked with me came
again, and wakened me, as one is wakened from sleep. He said

to me, "What do you see?" And I said, "I see a lampstand all
of gold, with a bowl on the top of it; there are seven lamps on

it, wid1 seven lips on each of the lamps th at are on the top of
it. And by it there are two olive trees, one on the right of the
bowl and the other on its left." (NRSV)


In th is striking passage we find a description of the priestly initiation in
which a high priest receives the pure garment. This invokes the memory of
othe r cultic initiations in Jewish apocalyptic texts, like the aforementioned
_T._ _Levi_ 8 and 2 En. 22, where the exalted patriarchs receive priestly robes.
_As_ with Zechariah 3, these texts allude ro the anthropological significance


66 Dark Mirrors



of priestly initiation, which symbolizes return to the original condition of

the protoplast by stripping off the fil thy garments of fallen humanity. All
three accounts are unified by the motif of the Tree of Life, which points
at once to rhe Garden of Eden and to the Temple, its earthly counterpart.



The parallels between Zech 3-4 and the _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13- 14 allow us



to better understand the sacerdotal context of the Slavonic account, and
its connection with the Day of Atonement. Indeed, as Daniel Stokl has
observed, in comparison it seems that the _Apocal)•pse of Abraham_ develops the
prophetic cultic imagery more decisively: "compared ro Zech 3, d1e _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham_ embellishes the Yom Kippur imagery." [66 ] Unlike Zechariah, where

the soiled garment of rhe priestly figure is simply exchanged for the pure
one, in rhe _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ rhe uansformational pattern appears ro
be more radical; it involves the memory of rhe specific context of the Yom
Kippur ritual, where the scapegoat takes upon itself humaniry's defilement.

In rhe _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ the priestly initiate's "soiled" garments are
not simply exchanged for pure ones, as in Zechariall. They are transferred

to Azazel. This evokes rhe cathartic nature of rhe Yom Kippur ritual, in
which the sin of humanity was transfe rred ro the scapegoat.



The _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13 graphically underlines th is exchange:



And he said to him, "Reproach is on you, Azazel! Since Abral1am's
portion is in heaven, and yours is on earrh .... For behold, the
garment which in heaven was formerly yours h as been set aside

for him, and the corruption which was on him has gone over

to you" _(Apoc. Ab._ 13:7-14). [01 ]



David Halperin previously reflected on d1e importance of the motif of the
wardrobe exchange between positive and negative protagonists:


[W]e see here the theme, which we have already met in the
stories of Enoch in rhe _Book_ _of the_ _Watchers_ and of Adam in
the "Apocalypse of Moses," of the exaltation of the human and
the degradation of tl1e angel corresponding to each other and
to some extent depending on each other. If Azazel can persuade
Abraham not to make his ascent, he will perhaps be able to keep
his own privileged status. [68 ]


It should be stressed again that the connections between the initiation scenes
in the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ and Zecharial1 are important since they help ro
illumine rhe priestly nature of rhe peculiar transitions mat the hero of the
faith undergoes immediately before his entrance into rhe Throne Room in

tl1e upper heaven, the sacred locale envisioned in the text as the celestial
counterpart of the earthy Holy of Holies. [69 ]


The Garment of Azazel 67


Scholars have lamented the apparent dearth of dec isively priestly
transformation in the _Apocalypse of_ Ab:rallllm.;o Yet I think Martha Himmelfarb
is correct when she suggests that the promise of a garment given to a seer
immediately before his entrance into heaven fulfils, in this text, the function
of the acrual re-clothing. She notices that although Abraham does nor undergo
a transformation as explicit as that of Enoch, Isaiah, or Zephaniah, and
he is never actually provided with a garment, he has been promised one.i [1 ]


Transformation o f the Antagonist


Garments of Descent



On rhe basis of our previous investigation it seems th at d1e transformation
of the patriarch in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ depends in many ways on
the peculiar changes affecting his antagonistic counterpart-the fallen
angel Azazel. T he exaltation of the o ne depends upon the demotion of the
other, who had once prospered in an elevated domicile but is now forcefully
expelled from th is domain. As with e·ntrance into the upper realm, removal

is laden as well with profound changes in the spiritual and physical states
of the characters. Like the heroes of the apocalyptic accounts, who Lmdergo
spectacular metamorphoses preparing them fo r the novel conditions of their
newly acquired celestial domains, d1e metamorphoses of d1e antagonists
have an ontological significance, foreshadowing the fate of the deity's
former favorites now transported, by the will of the Creator, into the lower

realms. [12 ] From this negative uansfoTma tion, often conveyed in detail in
various pseudepigraphical accounts, readers gain insigh t intO the peculiar
refashioning of the celestial "garments" of the demoted antagonists, who
undergo transitions into new fonns sui ted to their exilic realms.
By observing these ominous changes in the an tihero (which,
paradoxically, mock the protagonist's metamorphosis) readers of the visionary
accounts gaze into d1e logic of a kind of negative transformational mysricism.n
This process plays an important role in apocalyptic stories as an apophatic



reaffirmation of rhe hero's transformative motifs.



The perplexed complexity of the negative routine endured by the
demoted agents should nor be underestimated. The acquisition of the novel
ontological "garments" bestowed on an antagonist is often surrounded with

the most recondite and puzzling imagery to be found in the apocalyptic
accounts. T hese accounts offer the eyes of their beholders a stunning
plethora of cryptic depictions, in wh ich the composite physiques of the
demoted heroes often represent a bizarre mixture of demonic and heavenly
attributes. This hybrid nature of the negative heroes' visible manifestations
suggests that, despite their exile into the lower realms, these formerly celestial


68 Dark Mirrors



creatures were never intended to function as the harmonious inhabitants of

their newly acquired environments; rather, they were predestined to become
the agents of a foreboding corrupting change-a change often fatal to the
realms of their exile.

In this respect, it is no coincidence that in the Slavonic apocalypse
(as in many othe r pseudepigraphical accounts dealing widl the demotion
of fallen angels) so much attention should be spent on dep ictions of
Azazel's various transitional shapes, the portrayals mat represent creative
improvisations on dle meme of the conu ption of an antagonist's original
celestial form. Already in his debut at _Apoc. Ab._ 13, Azazel is designated
as an "impure bird"-the sobriquet which, in the peculiar symbolic code of

the apocalypse's pteromorphic angelology, points to the corruption of his
celestial formH Interestingly, me fallen angel's "celestial" attributes appear

repeatedly in many other portrayals of Azazel in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_
serving throughout as pointed reminders of his forfeited heavenly status.

Hence, when later, in the heaven ly throne room, Abraham sees a
protological manifestation of me demoted angel, his vision combines both
angelomorphic and meriomorphic attributes; _Apocalypse of Abraham_ 23:4- 11

reads:



And I looked at the picture, and my eyes ran to d1e side of the
garden of Eden. A nd I saw there a man very great in height
and terrible in breadth, incomparable in aspect, entwined wim a
woman who was also equal to the man in aspect and size. And

they we re standing under a tree of Eden, and the fruit of the
tree was like the appearance of a bunch of grapes of vine. And
behind the tree was standing, as it were, a serpent in fo rm, but
having hands and feet like a man, and wings on its shoulders:
six on the dght side and six on me left. And he was holding
in his hands the grapes of the tree and feeding the two whom 1
saw entwined with each oilie r. And I said, "\XIho are mese two
entwi ned with each othe r, or who is this between dlem, or what

is the fru it which they are eating, Migh ty Eternal O ne?" And
he said, "This is the reason of men, this is Adam, and this is
their desire on earth, this is Eve. And he who is between mem
is d1e Impiety of their pursuits for destruction, Azazel himself." [15 ]



In this text, the negative protagonist has a composite physique which
combines features of a serpent ("a serpent in form") and an angel ("wings
on its shoulders"). T his unusual combination of two forms- animal and
angelic- in the appearance of the seducer during his corruption of the
protoplasts brings to mind the peculiar cluster of traditions about Satan's


The Garment of Azazel 69


appearance found in the Primary _Adam_ _Books._ TI1ere, too, in the course of
the seduction of the fi rst human couple, the negative protagonist is endowed
with a polymorphic shape mat combines features of a serpent and an ange[.7 [6 ]

In light of these similari ties, a short excursus into the traditions of Satan's
appearances in the _Primary_ _Adam_ Books is necessary.

In various versions of the _Life of Adam and_ _Eve,_ the chief antagonistSata n-unde rgoes a set of enigmatic and someti mes puzzli ng transformations

into angelic and theriomorphic manifestations; he acquires, temporarily, the
shapes of eimer an animal (a se rpent) or a glorious angel. In this respect, it
is intriguing that the two forms man ifested in the _Apocal.ypse_ _of Abraham's_
depiction of the Corruptor also appear in the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books,_ in me

na rratives dealing wim the seduction or temptation of the first humans. And
mese temporal appearances are envisioned as "garments" of Satan, possibly
understood as me disposable clothes which the Deceiver can easily switch
over in the course of executing his evil plans.


Satan's Angelic Garment



It is not without design d1at one of the most intense conceptual crossroads
dealing with Satan's transformations should be situated amidst scenes of

me protoplasts' seduction; for the Deceiver uies to disguise his identity
and pose as someone else by assum ing the forms of an angelic messenger
or an an imal. Moreover, he appears to enjoy the ability to reenter the
impermanent "garments" he had alceady used fo r deception in the past;
hence his temporary use of angelic "garments" occurs not once but several



times in the _Life_ _of_ Adlun _and_ _Eve._ _[17 ]_



The _Primary Adam Books_ do not conceal d1e fact that in the beginning
Satan was a very special celestial creature possessing an exalted and even
glorious status in. the heavenly realm-the position from which he was
removed by the deity after his refusal to venerate me newly created protoplasr.
Yet unlike some o ther demoted agen ts- including the protoplasts, who are
quietly and obediently exiled ro me lower realms- Satan seems to retain the
courage and power needed to entertain the possibility of returning to the

upper regions to execute vengeance aga inst his enemies, the first humans.
This paradoxa! ability, to be topologically present in me upper regions despite
h is demotion, may constitute an impo rtant prerequisite for the Deceiver's



power to take multiple forms befitting his evil plans.



The Armenian version of me _Primary_ _Adam_ Books 17:1-2a attests
Satan's ability to assume temporarily the shape of an angelic being:



When d1e angels ascended co the worship of d1e Lord, at that

time Satan took on the form of an angel and began to praise


70 Da rk Mirrors


God with angelic praises. I knelt down by the wall and attended
to his praises. I looked and saw him in the likeness of an angel;
when _I_ looked again, I did not see him. [18 ]



Although the Adversary's acquisition of an angelic form appears
remporary,7 [9 ] this passage also suggests that Satan's appari tions are not completely
illusory, for they have functional potential. It is quite curious that, along with
his mimesis of the angelic _form,_ Satan also attempts ro imitate the _functions_
of d1e angelic beings by participating in d1e angelic liturgy. This abili ty, not

merely to take angelic form but also to function in newly acquired "garments,"
appears to grant more substance and credibility to h is transformation, as other
characters in the story are depicted as anending to his praises.



The _Life_ _of Adam and_ _Eve_ goes on tO say that Satan appeared (again)



tO Eve as an angel during the second temptation. This time d1e Deceiver's
angelic appearance seems to be even loftier, as the text repeatedly identifies
him as a cherub endowed with a special luminous vestment. The Armenian
version of d1e _Primary_ Adam _Books_ 9:1-2 provides further details regarding
th is angelic manifestation:



When eighteen days of the ir weeping were completed, then
Satan took on the form of a cherub with splendid attire, and

wenr tO the Tigris river to deceive _Eve._ Her tears were falling
on her atti re, down to the ground. Satan said tO Eve, "Come

forth from the water and rest, for God has hearkened to your
penitence, to you and Adam your husband." [80 ]


It is striking that, in this second temptation, Satan appears in angelic
form- indeed, as a ch erubic creature. Cherubic imagery _vis-a-vis_ the
antagonist also looms large in the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham,_ where Azazel
combines the attributes of two cherubim joined together. [81 ] At _Apoc._ Ab.
23, e.g., the demon h as twelve wings- six on the right side of his body
and six on the left:


And behind the tree was standing, as it we re, a serpent in form,
but having hands and feet like a man, and wings on its shoulders:
six on the right side and six on d1e left. [81 ]


Earl ier in the _Apoc._ _Ab.,_ wh en the hero of faith sees the "Living Creatures
of the Cherubim" in d1e heavenly Throne Room each of them has six wings:


And und er the throne [I saw) four sing ing fiery Living
Creatures ... and each one had six wings: from their shoulders,
<and from their sides,> and from their loins _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 1 8:3-6).~


The Garment of Azazel 71


Another intriguing detail of th e accoum fo und in the Primary _Adam_
_Books_ is that, dudng the first and second temptations of the protoplasts,
Satan's ange lic shape is described as lum inous in nature. The first temptation

underlines the fact that the Deceiver came "with radiance." Eve's second
temptation refers again tO Satan's splendid attire; this detail may hint at the
fact that the assumption of angelic form is understood as wearing a garment,
and this attire might parallel the fi rst hu mans' luminous vestments. This
understanding of luminous angelic form as "garment" is especially evident
in the Georgian version of the second temptation, which openly refers tO
the Adversary's angelic form as his clothes or h is "garment":


When the twelve days of his weeping were completed, the devil

trembled and changed his shape and his clothes by his artful
deceit. He went close to Eve, on the Tigris river, and stood

beside the bank. He was weeping and had his fa lse tears dripping
(trickli ng) down on his garment and from his garment down to

the ground. T hen he told Eve, "Come our of that water (where
you are) and srop your tribulations, fo r God has hearkened to
you r penitence and to Adam your husband." [81 ]


Satan's Theriomorphic Garment


The scene of the first temptation and seduction of the protOplast without
doubt represents one of the most intense conceptual crossroads manifesting
the transformational capacities of the antagonist. Hence, it is little surprise
that, similarly to Satan's first dissembling in angelic garments-which took
place for d1e first t ime during d1e seduction of d1e proroplasts- the transition
to an animal garment is also found here.

Primary _Adam Books_ 44 has Satan abandoning his angelic manifestation
and entering the animal form of a serpenf [5 ] in order to deceive the protoplasts.
Yet Satan's new idemity is not entirely unambiguous, since pseudepigraphic
and rabbinic accounts often provide various interpretations of the serpent's
gender. Some of these sources seem to unde rstand the serpent as an
androgynous creature, whose ski n God later used to create the "garments"
of both Adam and Eve. The tradition of clothing the first humans in the
"attire" of d1e serpent is especially intriguing in light of Satan's acquisition
of the same garments in the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Booi<s._ Does Satan's "clothing"

as serpent pwleptically anticipate the fu ture re-clothing of the protoplasts
in garments of skin!

Satan's endowment with the "animal garmen t" of the serpent can
be understood as the anti-paradigm of transformational mysticism. TI1e
antagonist's transition from an upper (angelic) to a lower (animal) form
brings to mind the opposite metamorphosis, that is to say, the glorious


72 Dark Mirrors


metamorphosis of the apocalyptic visionary, who undergoes a transition from
garments of skin into garments of light.
The Armenian version of the _PrimO!'Y_ _Adam Books_ offers the following
account of Satan's transforma tion:


The serpent said, "In what way or how can we expel him from the
Garden?" Satan said to the serpent, "Be you, in your form, a lyre
for me and l will pronounce speech through your mouth, so that
we may be able ro help." Then the rwo of them came ro me and
hung their feet around the wall of the Garden. When the angels
ascended to the worship of the Lord, at that time Satan took
on the form of an angel and began to praise God with angelic
praises. I knelt down by the wall and attended tO his praises.
l looked and saw him in the likeness of an angel; when l looked
again, l did not see hi m. Then he went and summoned the
serpent and said to him, "Arise, come to me so that I may enter

into you and speak through your mouth as much as I will need
ro say." At that rime the serpent became a lyre for him, and he
came again to the wall of the Garden. He cried our and said,
"Oh, woman, you who are blind in this Garden of de light, arise
come to me and 1 will say some words to you." [86 ]



Saran's animal manifestation is nor merely a phantom or an ideal apparition;
he inhabits the actual living creatu re, and thus becomes a sort of possessive
spirit within this living being that functions alongside and upon its true
proprietor. [87 ]



ln another passage from the _Primary_ Adam _Boob,_ Saran again appears



to assume a theriomorphic shape- this time the shape of a wild beast. Hence,
on their journey to Paradise in order to obtain the oil of resurrection needed

to heal the dying Adam, Eve and Seth encounter a mysterious creature
labeled, in the narrati ve, as the wild beast. In the Greek version of the _Life_
_of_ Adam _and_ _Eve,_ the story rakes the following form:



Then Seth and Eve went toward the direction of the Garden.

[And while they were going,] Eve saw her son, and a wild beast
assailing hi m. And Eve wept ancl said: "Woe is me; if I come ro

the day of the Resurrection, all those who have sinned will curse
me saying: 'Eve has not kept the commandment of Gocl.'" And
she spoke ro the beast: "You wicked beast, Do you no t fear to
fight with the image of God? How was you r mouth opened? How
were your teeth made strong? How did you nor call ro mind your
subjection? For long ago you were made subject to the image of


The Garment of Azazel



73



God." Then the beast cried out and said: "It is not our concern,
Eve, yo ur greed and yo ur wailing, but yo ur own; for (it is) from
you that the rule of the beasts has arisen. How was your mouth
opened tO eat of the tree concerning which God commanded
you not to eat of it? On this account, our nature also has been

transformed. Now dlerefore you cannot end ure it, if I begin to
reprove you." Then Seth spoke to the beast, "Close your mouth
and be silent and stand off from the image of God until the day
of Judgme nt." T hen the beast said ro Seth: "Behold, I stand
off from the image of God." [And the beast fled and left him
wounded) and went to his hut. [88 ]


One of the important details of this intriguing encounter between
the primordial humans and a hostile animal is presence of the peculiar
terminology of dle "image of God." This formula invokes the memory of
Sata n's rebellion, when he refused to worship the image of God. During the
hostile encounter between the animal and Seth, who is defined in the stoty
as a bearer of the "image of God," the wild beast does not fear "to fight
with the image of God." Tilis confluence of motif.~ related to the beast's
antagonism toward the image of God in Seth appears to all ude to Satan's
original protological opposition to ano ther, original bearer of the divine

image: Adam. In this we therefore see the second instance of a rebellious
stand against dle Image of God, a rebellion that mirrors Satan's refusal to
venerate the newly created protoplast. Scholars have previously noticed th is
connection; when commenting on Seth's rebuke, "Get away from the image
of God," Gary Anderson suggests that


this rebuke has some rather clear resonances with another key
moment in the Vita's story-line. It soun ds very much like the
instructions Satan and the other angels received at the moment
of Adam's creation, "Prosternez vous devant le semblable et

!'image de La divinite" (14:1). [89 ]


The writers and editors of various versions of the _Primary_ _Adam Books_
seem also to discern this ominous co nnection between the Adversary and
the animal. [90 ] A lthough Greek, Geo rgian, and Latin versions of dle _Life_ _of_
_Adam and Eve_ do not name the wild beast as Satan, the Armenian _Penitence_
_of Adam_ openly entertains this possibility:


Thereafter, Seth and Eve went in the direction of the Garden.
As dley we re going, Eve saw th at a wild beast was fighting with

[her son) Seth and was biting him. Eve began to weep and she


74 Dark Mirrors


said, "[When] that the day of Judgment came; all sins will be
blamed upon me and (men) will say, 'Om mother did not hearken
to the commandment of the Lo rd God!"' Eve called out against

the wild beast and said, "0 wild beast, how do you [not] fear the
image of God, that you dared to fight with the image of God?
How was your mouth open[ed] and yo ur fangs bared, and your
hair stood on end? How did you not remember the obedience
which you fo rmerly displayed, that your mouth was opened
against the image of God?" The n the wi ld beast cried out and
said to Eve, "In truth, our insolence is because of you, for the
example came from you. How was your mouth opened to dare

to eat of the fruit concerning which God commanded you not
to eat of it? [Until he wi ll change all of our natures, henceforth
you are unable ro resist that whi ch I speak ro you, or if I begin
to rebuke you.]" Then Seth said to the wild beast, "Close your
mouth, 0 Satan. Get away from the image of God unti l [(the day
will come]] on which God will bring you ro rebuke.]" Then he
said ro Seth, "Behold, I am stand ing apart from you, the image
of God." The beast fled from him. [91 ]


As in the first temptation of the protoplasts, in th is text Satan appears ro

take the fo rm of an animal in order tO challenge the protoplasts and their
proge ny.


Vessels o f Evil: The Antagonist's " Possession"
of the "Living" Form


The _Primary_ _Adam_ _Booi<s_ demonstrate the perplexing flu idity of the forms
of Satan; in some episodes the mercurial Adversary assumes not one, but
several shapes. These texts often depict the antagonist's rapid transition from
one manifestation to another. Such a speedy change is especially notable
during Eve's fi rst temptation. In this scene, Satan takes d1e form of both
an angel and a serpent, and even assumes another, invisible condirion [92 ]

between these two manifestations. The Armenian version of the _Primary_
_Adam Books_ graphically depicts these changes:


Then the two of them came to me and h ung their feet around

the wa ll of the Garden. When the angels ascended to the
worship of the Lord, at that time Satan took on the fo rm of
an angel and began ro praise God with angelic praises. I knelt
down by the wall and attended ro his praises. I looked and saw

him in the likeness of an ange l; when I looked again, I did not


The Garment of Azazel



75



see him. Then he went and summoned the serpent and said to
him, "Arise, come to me so that 1 may enter into you and speak

through your mouth as much as I will need to say." A t that time
the serpent became a lyre for him, and he came again to the wall
of the Garden. He cried out and said, "Oh, woman, you who
are blind in this Garden of delight, arise come to me and I will
say some words to you." When I went to him, he said to me,
"Are you Eve?" l said, "Yes, I am." He replied and said, "What
do you do in [the Garde n] ?" I said tO him, "God set us tO guard

the Garden," Satan replied and said to me through the mouth
of the serpent, "This work is good, but come, do you eat of (a ll]
the trees which are in the Garden?" _I_ said to him, "Yes, we eat
of all of them except only of that one tree which is in the very

middle of the Garden, concerning which God commanded us,
'Do not eat of it, for if you eat you will surely die.'" ( 17: 1-5) . [93 ]


The Georgian version maintains the same transformational pattern; it too

attests the fluidity of Satan's manifestations, describing his transitions into
invisible, angelic, and theriomophic states:


And the two of them came tOgether and they allowed their heads

to hang on the wall of the Garden at the time where the angels
had ascended tO prostrate before God. Then the Devil changed
himself into the image of an angel; he sang the praises of the
angels. And I was gazing in the direction of the wall tO hear

the praises. l stared and I saw him like an angel and at once
he became invis ible for he had gone forth to bring the serpen t.
And he told him, "Arise and come and I will be with you and
I will speak though your mouth that which it is proper for you
to say.'' He took on the form of the se rpent (to go) close tO the
wall of the Garden and the Devil slipped inside the serpent and
he allowed his head to hang on the wall of the Garden. [94 ]


Michael Stone suggests that the invisible condition Satan often assumes
between taking other visible shapes is intended to underline the fact that
these visible forms are temporal illus ions or mirages. As Stone righrly observes,
when "challenged, he disappears from sight." [95 ]

Anothe r important transformational feature (already mentioned above)
is that Satan is able tO take possession of the "living forms" of existing
characters. This is clear from the case of the se rpent; Satan is able to enter
existing bodies and function alongside their ge nuine personalities. "The devil
answered," says the text, "through the mouth of the serpent."


76 Dark Mirrors


According to Michael Stone, in these transformational accouncs Satan
comes into "possession" of certain characters of the story, who thus become
Satan's instruments or "too ls.'>Q~ Stone observes that in the Primm'Y _Adam_

_Books,_


Satan says to the serpent, according to the Greek, "be my vessel
and I will speak through your mouth words to deceive them." The
word "vessel" seems to imply the idea of possession . ... Satan
is identical for all practical purposes with the serpent; Satan
enters or possesses the serpent and speaks through its mouth;

the serpent is Satan's instrument or toot.9 [1 ]


Scone discerns a similar development in the _Pirke_ _de_ _Rabbi_ Eliezer 13, where
Samael "rides" the serpent as a camel. [98 ] He notes that the chapter 13 opens
with


the theme of angelic jealousy of Adam and Adam's superiori ty

tO the angels in h is ability tO name d1e animals. The fall of the
archangel Samael is described, toged1er with h is host. He found

the serpent, and "its likeness was like a sort of camel and he
mounted it and rode it." This relationship is likened to that of
a horse and a rider (cf. Exod 15:1, 21). [99 ]



_Zolutr_ 1.35b, attesting a sim ilar tradition, also understands Samael/Satan as

the "rider" of the serpent:



R. Isaac said: "Th is is the evil tempter." R. Judah said that it
means literally a serpent. TI1ey consulted R. Simeon, and he
said to them: "Both are correct. It was Samael, and he appeared
on a serpent, for the ideal form of the serpent is the Satan.

We have learnt d1at at that moment Samael came down from
heaven riding on this serpent, and all creatures saw his fo rm
and fled before h im.'' [1][00 ]



The same mystical compendium depicts Azazel as a rider on d1e serpent:


Now observe a deep and holy mystery of faith, the symbolism
of the male principle and the female principle of the universe.

In the former are comprised all holinesses and objects of faith,
and all life, all freedom, all goodness, all ill uminations emerge
from thence; all blessings, all benevolent dews, all graces and


The Garment of Azazel



77



kindnesses-all d1ese are generated from that side, which is called
the South. Contrariwise, from the side of the Norrh there issue
a variety of grades, extending downwards, to the world below.
This is the region of the dross of gold, which comes from the side
of impurity and loathsomeness and which forms a link between
the upper and ned1er regions; and d1ere is the line where the
male and female principles join, forming together the rider on

the serpent, and symbolized by Azazel _(Zohar_ l.l52b-153a). [1][01 ]


TI1is description strikingly recalls the portrayal of Azazel's corruption of the
protoplasts in _Apoc._ _Ab._ 23:4-11, which situates the arch-demon beneath

the Tree of Knowledge in the midst of the intertwined protological couple.
T hus, it seems chat Saran's transition from celestial to "serpen t-like" form is
nor a novelty pioneered by the authors of the Adamic booklets, bur rather
an improvisation on a theme with ancient roots in Enochic tradition.


Azazel's The riomorphism: From Sacrificial
Animal to Fallen Angel



The story of Satan's transformation from animal into angel (and vice ve rsa)

in the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books_ leads us naturally to certain developments in
one of the earl iest Enochic booklets, viz., the _Book_ _of the_ _Wlatchers,_ wh ich

may constitute the initial conceptual background co the Adamic antagonist's
peculiar transformation. Nor did the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ escape these
seminal influences. It has been noted that the sacerdotal context of the
Yom Kippur festival seems to affect the chief antagonist's complex profile
in the Slavonic apocalypse. In this text, all usions co Yom Kippur seem co
have been reshaped deeply by the Enochic apocalyptic reinterpretation of

the scapegoat ritual; its antagonist, the scapegoat Azazel, is envisioned not
as a sacrificial animal but as a demoted heavenly being. ln the _Book_ _of the_
_Watchers,_ the scapegoat rite receives an angelological reinterpretation; it
merges the peculiar dynamic of the sacrificial ritual with the swry of its
main antagonist, the fallen angel Asael.

_1_ En. 10:4-7 brings us to the very heart of this conceptual developmen t:


And further the Lord said _w_ Raphael: "Bind Azazel by his hands
and his feet, and throw him into the darkness. And sp li t open
the desert which is in Duclael, and throw him there. And throw
on him jagged and sharp stones, and cover him with darkness;
and let him stay there for ever, and cover his face, that he may
nor see light, and that on the great day of judgment he may


78 Dark Mirrors


be hurled into the fi re. And rescore the earth wh ich the angels
have ruined, and announce the restoration of the earth, for 1
shall restore the earch." [102 ]


Scholars have previously pointed to the fact th at several details in the
account of Asael's punishment are reminiscent of dle scapegoat ritua l. Lester
Grabbe's research outlines the specific parallels between the Asael narrative

in _1_ _Enoch_ and the wording of Leviticus 16, which include:


I. me similarity of dle names Asael and Azazel;


2. me punishment in the desert;


3. me placing of sin on Asael/Azazel;


4. the resultant healing of the land. [10][3 ]


It is important to note that Asael's transfo rma tion into an animal
is not li mi ted solely to the _Book_ _of the_ _Wmchen._ The same imagery also
occupies an im portant place in the Animal _Apocalypse,_ wh ich depicts the
fall of the Watchers as the mutation of stars into animals.'()! In mis Enoch ic
booklet, the theriomorphism of the former angels is juxtaposed with the
angelomorphism of Noah [1][05 ] and Moses, [106 ] whose bodies undergo an inverse

refashioning that transforms them from "animals" into "humans." In the
peculiar symbolic code of th is apocal·yptic work, this imagery signals the
fact that Noah and Moses have thus acquired angelic bodies.


The Garment of Darkness


In me aforementioned passage about the binding of Asael dur ing the
sacrificial ritual in the desert (in I _En_ 10) we find an intriguing tradition
about clothing the demon wim darkness:


And dHow on him jagged and sharp stones, and cover him with
darkness; and let him stay there for ever, and cover his face, that
he may not see light, and that on me great day of judgment he

may be hurled into the fire. [101 ]


The antagonist's covering with darkness is a pertinent motif for our
investigation, as it may represent a conceptual correlative to the hero's
clothing with light. Asael's covering wim darkness appear to be a sort of
counterpart to dle garment of light which Enoch receives in heaven. This
ominous attire deprives its wearer of receiving the divine light-the source
of life for all God's creatures.


The Garment of Azazel 79


T hat it is the face of the de mon which is thus clothed with darkness
may recall a series of transformational moti fs involving, respectively, God's
Panim and the _panim_ of the visionary. This termino logy is quite well
known in Jewish apocalyptic literature. lt does not merely designate the

protagonist's or deity's visage _per_ _se,_ but symbolizes their complete covering
with luminous attire.


The Impure Bird


TI1e Enochic demonological template factors significantly in the _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham,_ which envisions Azazel, like the Enochic antagon ist, as a fallen
angelic being. Indeed, the Azazel narrative of this later apocalypse reflects
several peculiar details from the Enochic myth of the fallen angels as described

in the _Book_ _of che_ _Wacchers._ _[11]_ _l8_ Thus, Rysza rd Rubinkiewicz has argued that



the au thor of the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham_ follows the tradition
of _I_ En. 1-36. The chief of the fallen angels is Azazel, who

rules the stars and most men. It is not difficu lt to find here the
tradition of Gen 6:1-4 developed according to the tradition of
_l_ _Enoch._ Azazel is the head of the angels who plotted against
the Lo rd and who impregnated the daughters of men. These
angels are compared ro the stars. Azazel revealed the secrets
of heaven and is banished to the desert. Abraham, as Enoch,
receives the power to drive away Satan. A ll these connections
show that the author of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ drew upon

the tradition of _1 Enoch._ _[11]_ _1.1_



ln the Slavonic apocalypse, as in the Enochic and Qu mran materials, Azazel
is clearly no longer a sacrificial animal, but an angelic being. Already in his
firs t appearance at _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:3-4, [1][10 ] the text depicts Azazel as an unclean
or impure bird (Slav. nnma He'lJrCTall). ln the pteromorphic angelological
code of the _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ wh ich portrays Yahoel with the body of a
griffin, Azazel's bird-like appearance signals his possession of an angelic form .
This angelic shape appears to be compromised and "soiled," which renders
it impure. It is not entirely clear, in this context, if the term "impure bird"
signifies the antagonist's compromised angelic status absolutely, or rather

the impropriety of his wearing the angelic garment in the cu rrent moment.

In th is respect, the reference to the "impurity" of Azazel's angelic form
recalls the aforementioned tradition in the _Life of_ Adam _and_ _Eve,_ where the
antagonist wears an angelic garment inappropriately. T he situations in which
the antagonists appear in questionable angelic attire are very similar; fo r in
both cases they atte mpt ro deceive the stories' protagonists. Like Satan, who
attempts to deceive and corrupt the primordial couple, Azazel too attempts


80 Dark Mirrors


to deceive the hero of the faith and persuade him not to enter heaven.


Conclusion


It is now time to return to the motif of the special celestial garment found
in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abralutm,_ and the significance of this theme for the
sacerdotal framework of the Slavonic pseudepigraphon. It is no accident that

the promise of a mysterious garment to Abraham occurs in the very chapters
of the apocalypse that represent the text's sacerdotal nexus- the conceptual
crux that intends to bring its readers into the heart of the apocalyptic Yom
Kippur ritual. ln _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13 and 14, Abraham's celestial guide, Yahoel,
appears to petform one of the central ordinances of the atoning ceremony,
by means of which impurity is transferred to Azazel and dispatched into
the wilderness. Consider, for example, Yahoel's arcane address to Azazel at
_Apoc. Ab._ 13:7-14:


Reproach is on you, Azazel! Since Abraham's portion is in heaven,
and yours is on earth, since you have chosen it and desired it
to be the dwelling place of your impurity. Therefore the Eternal
Lord, the Mighty One, has made you a dweller on earth. And
because of you [there is] the wholly-evil spirit of the lie, and
because of you [there are] wrath and trials on the generations
of impious men. Since the Eternal Mighty God did not _send_
the tighteous, in their bodies, to be in your hand, in order to
affirm through them the righteous life and the destruction of
impiety .. .. Hear, adviser! Be shamed by me, since you have
been appointed to tempt not to all the righteous! Depart from

this man! You cannot deceive him, because he is the enemy of
you and of those who follow you and who love what you desire.

For behold, the garment which in heaven was forme rly yours has
been set aside for him, and the corruption which was on h im
has gone over to you.' [11 ]


This address- which the celestial cultic servant of the highest rank
delivers to the demoted angel who bears the name of the scapegoat-is
ritually significant, because it appears to reflect some of the actions of the
high priest on Yom Kippur. [112 ] For this reason, the phrase "dwelling place of
your impurity" is especially intriguing. It alludes to the purgative function
of the scapegoat ceremony, which centered on the removal of the impurity
bestowed on the sacrificial animal to the "dwelling" place of the demon
in the desert. The corruption of Abraham, the forefather of the Israelite


The Garment of Azazel 81


nation, is now transferred to Azaze l. [113 ] And Yahoel appears to perform the
so-called "transference function" when the celebrant passes Israel's sins onto

the scapegoat's head. This, it seems, may also explain why Yahoel's speech
contains a command of departure _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:12: "Depart from this

man!") rather like the dispatch-formula given to the scapegoat in m. _Yoma_
6:4: "Take our sins and go forth." [1][14 ]

In this climatic point of the apocalyptic Yom Kippur ceremony,
Abraham's infamous opponent, stripped of h is lofty celestial clothes, takes on
a new, now sacrificial role in the principal purifying ordinance of the Jewish
tradition by ass uming the office of the cosmic scapegoat who is predestined to
carry the celebrant's impurity into the netherworld. This mysterious burden
of the ambiguous sacrificial agent, dispatching its ominous "gift" not co the
divine but tO the demonic realm has puzzled generations of interpreters
who often wondered if d1is oblation was a sacrificial portion tO the Od1er
Side. Thus, in the _Book of Zohar_ and some later Jewish mystical writings d1e
scapegoat was often understood as "the principal offering that is des tined
in its entirety for 'the Other Side."' [11] ' ln light of these later traditions it
is not entirely impossible tha t in the dualistic framework of the Slavonic
apocalypse where the antagonist's abode imitates the realm of the deity one
can have such peculiar understanding of the scapegoat's functions. But this
is a subject of another lengthy investigation.


Part II


Satanael


**The** **Watchers of Satanael**

The Fallen Angels Traditions

in _2 (Slavonic) Enoch_


[T]hey became servanrs of Satan and led astrtly those who dwell upon the
dry ground.


_-_ _1_ En. 54:6


These are rhe Watchers _(Grigori),_ who turned as ide from th<' Lord, 200

myriads, together with their prince Satanail.


-2 En 18:3


Introduction


The first part of _2_ Enoch, a jewish pseu.depigraphon written in the fi rst century
CE, deals with the heavenly ascent of the sevend1 antediluvian hero carried
by his angelic psychopomps to the abode of the deity. Slowly progressing

through the heavens while receiving deta iled explanations of their content
from his angelic interpreters, in one of d1em, the patriarch encounters the
group of d1e fallen angels whom the authors of the apocalypse designate as

the Grigori (Watchers).' The deta iled report of the group's transgression given
in chapter 18 of the text, which menrions the ange lic descent on Mount
Hermon, leading to subsequent corruption of humanity and procreation of the
race of the Giants, invokes the memory of the peculiar features well known
from d1e classic descriptions of the fall of d1e infamous celestial rebels given in

the _Bool<_ _of the_ \'(!archers. Th is early Enochic booklet unveils the misdeeds of
the two hu ndred Watchers led by their leaders Shemihazah and Asael. What
is striking, however, in d1e description given in the Slavonic apocalypse is
that in con trast to the classic Enoch ic account, the leadership over the fallen
Watchers is ascribed not tO Shemiha2ah or Asael, but instead tO SatanaeJ.l


85


86 Dark Mirrors


This reference to the figure of the neg<nive protagonist of the Adamic story

appears to be not coincidental. The careful examination of other details of

the fallen angels traditions found in the Slavonic apocalypse unveils that
the transference of the leadership over the Watchers from Shemihazah and
Asael co SatanaeJ,3 represents not a coincidental slip of pen, or a sign of a
lack of knowledge of the authentic trad ition, but an in tentional attempt of
introducing the Adamic development into the framework of the Enochic
stOry, a move executed by the authors of the Slavonic apocalypse with a
certain theological purpose.

I previously explored the influence of the Adamic story on the Enochic
account of the Slavonic apocalypse, especially in the materials of the longer

recension, no ticing an unusual readiness of its authors for the adoption of
traditions and mo tifs from the Adamic trend, a tendency that appears tO
be quite surprising fo r a Second Temple Enochic text . ~

Indeed, Adam's story occupies a strikingly prominent place in _2_
_Enoch._ The traditions pertaining to the first human can be found in all the
sections of the book.' In these materials Adam is depicted as a glorious
angelic being, predes tined by God tO be d1e ruler of the earth, but falling
short of God's expectations. Although d1e bulk of Adamic materials belongs

to the longer recension, which includes, for example, the lengthy Adamic
narrative in chapters 30-32, the Adamic tradition is not confined solely _w_
this recension. A number of important Adamic passages are also attested in
the shorter recension. TI1e extensive presence of Adamic materials in both
recensions and their significance fo r the theology of the Slavonic apocalypse
indicates d1at they are not later interpolations but are part of the original
laye r of the text.

It should be noted that such an ex tensive presence of Adamic materials
in the intertestamental Enochic text is quite unusual. In d1e earl y Enochic
circle reflected in I _(Ethiopic)_ _Enoch,_ Adam does not figure prominently. His
presence in these materials is marginal and limited to a few insignificant

remarks. Moreover, when the authors of the early Enochic booklets invoke
the memory of Adam and Eve, they try either to ignore or to "soften"
d1e story of d1eir transgression and fall in the Garden. Scholars previously
noticed this remarkable leniency of the Enochic wri ters toward the mishap
of the protological couple in the texts "concerned with judgment and
accoumability." [6 ]

This either modest or unusually positive profile tha t the proroplasts
enjoy in the early Enochic circle can be explained by several facto rs. Scholars
previously observed that early Enochic and Adamic traditions appear _w_ be
operating with differen t mythologies of evil. [7 ] The early Enochic tradition
bases its understanding of the origin of evil on the Watchers' story in which
d1e fallen angels corrupt human beings by passing on to them various


The Watchers of Satanael 87


celestial secrets. [8 ] In contrast, the Adamic tradition traces che source of evil

to Satan's transgression and the fall of Adam and Eve in Eden-the trend
that is hinted at in Genesis 3 and then fu lly reflected in the _Primary_ _Adam_
_Books,_ which explain the reason for Satan's demotion by his refusal tO obey
God's command to ve nerate a newly created proroplast. [9 ]

Wh ile in the early Enoch ic circle the presence of the Adamic traditions
appears to be either marginalized or silenced, it looms large in _2 Enoch._ In
my previous research l suggested that the extensive presence of the Adamic
motifs in the Slavonic apocalypse has a profound conceptual significance for
the overall theological framework of the Slavonic apocalypse. [10 ] It appears
th at the purpose of the extensi ve presence of Adamic themes in 2 _Enoch_ can
be explained through the assessme nt in the text of the image of Enoch who
is portrayed in the Slavonic apocalypse as the Second Adam- the one who
is predestined to regain the original condition of the protOplast once los t
by the first humans in Eden. [11 ] In this con text many features of the exalted
prelapsaria n Adam are transferred to the seventh antediluvian hero in an
attempt ro hint at his status as the new protoplast, who restores humanity to
its original state. This new protological profi le of the elevated Enoch in the
Slavonic apocalypse thus can serve as an important clue for understanding

the necessity of the extensive presence of the Adamic traditions in 2 Enoch.
Moreover, it appears that the appropriation of the Adamic lore in _2_
_Enoch._ is not limited solely tO the figure of the main positive protagonistthe seventh antediluvian patriarch, but also extended tO the srory of the
negative angelic counterparts of d1e Enochic hero-the Watchers whose
portrayals in the Slavonic apocalypse also become enhanced with novel
features of the Adamic mythology of evil, and more specifica lly, with the

peculiar traits of the account of its infamous heavenly rebel--Satan. Such
interplay and osmosis of two ea rly paradigmatic trends, which in John
Reeves's terminology is designated as the mixed or transitional template, has
long-las ting consequences fo r both "mythologies of evil" and their afterlife
in rabbinic and patristic environmem s.l [2 ] T he purpose of this chapter is tO
explore d1e Adamic reworking of the Watchers traditions in d1e Slavonic
apocalypse and its significance fo r sub sequent Jewish mystical developments.


_2 Enoch_ 7: The Watchers in the Second Heaven


There are two textual units pertaining to the Watchers traditions in 2 Enoch.
One of them is si tuated in chapter 7. The cl1apter describes the patriarch's

arrival in the second heaven where he sees the group of the guarded angelic
prisoners kept in darkness. Almough chapter 7 does not identify this group
directl y as the Watchers, the description of their transgressions hints at this


88 Dark Mirrors


fac t. The second unit is situated in chapter 18, which describes Enoch's
encounter with another angelic gatheri ng in the fifth heaven, the group th at

this time is directly identified as the Watchers _(Grigori)._ Although our study
of the traditions of the fallen angels in the Slavonic apocalypse will deal
mainly with these two passages fou nd in chapters 7 and 18, some attention
will be pa id also to the Satanael traditions siruated in chapters 29 and 31.


Traces of the Enochic Te mplate


In chapter 7 of the longer recension of 2 _Enoch,_ the following description
is fo und:


A nd those men picked me up and brought me up tO the second

heaven. And they showed me, and _l_ saw a darkness greater th an
earthly darkness. And there I perceived prisoners under guard,
hanging up, waiting for the measureless judg me nt. And those
angels have the appearance of darkness itself, more than earthly
darkness. And unceasingly they made weeping, all d1e day long.

And I said to the men who were wid1 me, "Why are these ones
being tormented unceasingly?" Those men answered me, "These
are those who turned away from the Lord, who did not obey the
Lord's commandments, but of their own will plo tted roge ther and

turned away with d1eir prince and with those who are under
res traint in the fifth heaven." A nd I felt very so rry for them;
and those angels bowed down to me and said to me, "Man of
God, pray for us to the Lord'" A nd I answered d1em and said,
"Who am I, a mo rral man, that I should pray for angels? W ho

knows where I am going and what will confront me? Or who
indeed wil l pray fo r me?" [13 ]


Several scholars have previously recognized the connection of this
passage about the incarcerated angels with the Watchers rraditions. [1] i One
of these scholars, John Reeves, argues th at



this particular text obviously refers to the angelic insurrection

that rook place in d1e days of jared, the father of Enoch. T he
prisoners in this "second heaven" are in fact those Watchers
who violated the divinely decreed baniers separating heaven and
earth by taking human wives and fathering bastard offspring, the

infamous Giants. [1] ;



A nother scholar, James VanderKam, expresses a similar conviction
when he remarks that the angelic group depicted in chapter 7 "remind us


The Watchers of Satanael 89


of the Watchers and their mutual oarh to commit the deeds th at led to
their imprisonment in _1 En._ 6- 11." [16 ]

VanderKam's suggestion that the theme of the angels "plotting together"
found in 2 En. 7 might allude to the Watchers' council on Mount Hermon
and their mutual oath is important. T he Watchers tradition reflected later
in the text in chapter 18 further strengthens the possibility that the authors
of the Slavonic apocalypse were familiar wi th the early Enochic tradition
of the binding oath taken by the Watchers on the infamous mountain. [11 ]

Another important detail that hi nts at the possibility of the presence
of the Watchers tradition in the passage is that the angels choose to ask the
patri arch about interceding with God. This request for intercession before
God appears to allude to the unique role of the seventh antediluvian hero
reflected already in the earliest Enoch ic booklets where he is depicted as the
envoy bringing petitions of intercession to God on behalf of this rebe llious
angelic group. John Reeves suggests [18 ] that the petition pressed upon dle
exalted patriarch by the imprisoned angels in 2 En 7 is reminiscent of the

language found in the _Book of the Watchers_ _(I_ En. 13:4) [19 ] where the Watchers
ask the patriarch to write for them a prayer of intercession. [20 ] From _1 En._

13:6- 7 we learn that this prayer was prepared by the seventh anted iluvian
hero and later was delivered by hi m in a vision to the Creator [2 1 ]

All these features demonstra te that the authors of the Slavonic
apocalypse appear tO be well cognizant of some pecul iar deta ils of early
versions of the Watchers stOry and were using these various characteristics
of the early Enochic template in theic depiction of the group of incarcerated

angels in chapter 7, thus imp licitly hinting to their audience at the angels'
identiry as the Watchers.

Finally, there is another piece of evidence that further confirms the
identity of the mysterious imprisoned group as the Watchers. Although the
angelic group kept under guard in the second heaven is not directly identified
in chapter 7 as the Watchers, this chapter connects the unnamed angels
with another celestial ga thering that the patriarch will enco unter later in
the fifth heaven. 2 Enoch 7 anticipates this encounter when it explains dl at
the group in the second heaven "turned away with their prince and with
those who are under restraint in the fifth heaven." Later, upon his arri val
ro the fifth heaven, the patriarch sees there another ange lic group that his
celestial guides identify as Grigori (Slav. fparopa) [22] - the Watchers. During
th at identification a reference is also made to the group in the second heaven
which puts th is group also in the catego ry of the Watchers: "These are the
Grigori (Watchers), who turned aside from the Lord, 200 myriads, rogether
with their prince Satana il. And similar to them are those who went down as

prisoners in dleir train, who are in the second heaven, imprisoned in great
darkness." Later, in 2 En. 18:7, when Enoch hi mself addresses the Watchers
he reUs them that he saw "their brothers" and "prayed fo r them." These


90 Dark Mirrors


details again appear to be alluding to the group in the second heaven who
eadier asked the patdarch to pray for them Y As we can see, the two angelic
groups in the second and fifth heavens are interconnected by the authors of

the apocalypse through the set of cross-references situated in both chapters.


Traces of the Adamic Templa te



We began our study by mentioning that the Watchers account situated in
chapter 18 exhibits the clear features of Adamic tradition when it names
Satanael as rhe leader of the fa llen Watchers. In the light of th is later
reaffi rmation, it is also possible that the subtle traces of the Adamic template
may already be present even in the description found in chapter 7.
A close look at chapter 7 demonstrates that along with implicit traces
of the Enochic traditions of the fallen Watchers, the passage also exh ibits
some familiarities with dle Adamic mythology of evil by reca lling some
features of the story of Sa tan's fall.

One of the pieces of evidence that catches the eye here is the peculiar
tide "prince" by which the passage descri bes tile leader of the incarcerated
angels. Already Robert Henry Charles noticed th at although the passage
found in chapter 7 does not directly name Satanael as the leader of the
rebellious angels, the reference to the fact that they "turned away _quith_ their
_prince"_ (Slav. c KHH30M cnor£M} [24 ] invokes the similar terminology applied

tO Satanael later in chapter 18:3, which tells that the Watchers (Grigori)
turned aside from the Lord together _with their prince_ (Slav. c KHH3CM Cll01tM) [25 ]

Satanael. [26 ] Charles's suggestion appears to be plausible, and in the light of

the identical formulae attested in chapter 18 it is possible that the Satanael
tradition is already present in 2 En. 7. If it is so, here for the fi rst time in
the Slavonic apocalypse the chief negative protagonist of the Adamic lore
becomes identified as the leader of the fallen Watchers.

Another possible piece of evidence that hints at the presence of the
Adamic mythology of evil in 2 En. 7 is connected with the mo tif of the
imprisoned angels bowing down before Enoch . Both recensions of 2 _En._
7:4 portray the incarcerated angels in dle second heaven as bowing down
before the translated patriarch, asking him to pray for them before the Lo rd.

I previously argued [21 ] tha t this tradition of angels bowing down before
Enoch appears tO stem from an Adam ic mythology of evil [18 ] since it invokes
the peculiar deta ils of the Satan story attested in the Primm'y _Adam_ _Books_ _[19 ]_

and some other Jewish, Ch ristian, and Muslim materials. [30 ] In order to clarify
the Adamic background of the Watchers tradition found in _2_ En. 7, one
should take a short excursus in the later Enochic developments reflected in



the Hekhalot materials.



In the later Enoch ic composition, known to us as the _Sefer_ _Hel<haloc_ or
3 Enoch, the Adamic motif of the angelic veneration similar to 2 Enoch also


The Watchers of Satanael 91



appears to be placed in the con text of the Watchers tradition(s). TI1us, 3
En. 4 depicts the angelic leaders Uzza, Azza, and A.zael, the characters whose
names are reminiscent of the names of che leaders of the fa llen Watchers, [31 ]



as bowing down before Enoch-Metauon.



There are scholars who view th is motif of angels bowing down
before Enoch fo und in _Sefer Hekllalot_ as a relatively late development
which originated under the influence of the rabbinic accounts of the
veneration of humanicy. JZ Yec, there are other researchers who argue fo r early
"pseudepigraphical" roocs of ch is Hekhaloc cradicion of che angelic venera cion
of Enoch. One of these scholars, Gary Anderson, previously noticed the
early pseudepigraphical matrix of this peculiar development present in _Sefer_

_Hekhalot_ and its connections with the primordial veneracion of the protoplast
in the paradigmatic Adamic swry where Sacan and his angels refuse to bow
down before the first humanY Moreover, some conceprual developments
detected in 2 Enoch also point to early pseudepigraphical roots of the
tradition of veneration of Enoch by angels. Scholars previously suggested
that the Adamic mo tif of angelic veneration was transferred in the Enochic
context not in the later Hekhaloc or rabbinic materials but already in 2

_Enoch_ where the angels are depicted as bowing down several times before
the seventh antediluvian hero. Besides the previously mentioned tradition
of the imprisoned angels bowing down before Enoch found in chapter 7

there is ano ther, even more explicic appropriation of the motif of angelic
veneration, found in 2 En. 21- 22 where God tests angels by asking them
to venerate Enoch. These chapters depict Enoch 's arrival at the edge of
the seventh heaven. There, God invites Enoch to stand before him forever.
The deicy then tells his angels, sounding them out: "Let Enoch join in and
stand in front of my face forever!" In response to this address, the angels do
obeisance to Enoch saying, "Let Enoch yield in accordance with your word,
0 Lorcl!" [34 ] Michael Stone previously noticed that the story found in 2 En.
21-22 is reminiscent of the account of Adam's elevacion and his veneracion
by angels found in che _Life of_ Adam _and EveY_ Srone noces thac, along with
the motifs of Adam's elevation and his veneration by angels, the author of
2 _Enoch_ appears also to be aware of d1e motif of angelic disobedience and
refusal to venerate the first human. Stone draws the reader's attention to the
phrase "sounding them out," found in _2 En._ 22:6, which another translation
of the Slavonic text rendered as "making a trial of d1em."J [6 ] Stone notes

th at the expression "sounding d1em out" or "making a trial of them" implies
here that it is the angels' obedience that is being tested. Further comparing

the similarities becween Adamic and Enochic accounts, Stone observes that
the order of events in 2 _Enoch_ exactly duplicates the order found in the
_Primary_ _Adam_ _Books._ Scone concludes that the aud1or of 2 _En._ 21- 22 was
cognizant of the traditions resembling d1ose found in Armenian, Georgian,
and Latin versions of the _Life_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve._ He also emphasizes that


92 Dark Mirrors


these traditions did not enter _2_ _Enoch_ from the Slavonic _Life_ _of Adam ana_
_Eve,_ because this form of the tradition does not occur in the Slavonic Vira. [37 ]

Keeping in mind these remarkable parallels, it is now time to return
to the tradition of Enoch's veneration by the incarcerated angels found in
chapter 7 of _2_ _Enoch_ in order to further explore its connection with the
Adamic story of angelic veneration.


Several details of the stoty from _2_ En. 7 seem also to be alluding to
the Adamic template:


1. In _2_ En. 7, similar to the Adamic accounts, the sin of the
imprisoned angels is disobedience to the Lord's commandments.

2. The agents of the rebellion are a group of angels with "their

prince." This recalls the information found in the Adamic
accounts where not only Satan, but also other angels under
him, refuse to venerate Adam. As we remember, the longer
recension of _2_ En. 18:3 directly identifies the prisoners of
the second heaven as the angels of Satanael.

3. Finally, in the text the imprisoned angels bow down before a

human being (Enoch). An additional important detail here
is that the patriarch is addressed by the fallen angels as a
"n1an"- "a man of God." The combination of the motif of
angelic bowing with a reference to the human nature of the
object of veneration is intriguing and again might point to
the protological Adamic account where some angels bow
down before the human and others refuse to do so.


_2 Enoch_ 18: The Watchers in the Fifth Heaven


Traces of the Enochic Template


It is time now to proceed to the second textual unit dealing with the
Watchers traditions situated in chapter 18 of the Slavonic apocalypse. In
the longer recension of _2_ En. 18 the following description can be found:


And those men took me up on their wings and placed me on

the fifth heaven. And I saw there many innumerable armies
called Grigori. And their appearance was like the appearance
of a human being, and their size was larger than that of large


The Watchers of Satanael



93



giants. And their faces we re dejected, and the silence of their
mouths was perpetual. And there was no liturgy in the fifth
heaven. And I said to the men who were with me, "What is

the explanation that these ones are so very dejected, and their
faces miserable, and their mouths silent? And (why) is there no
liturgy in this heaven?" And those men answered me, "These
are the Grigori, who turned aside from the Lord, ZOO myriads,
together with their prince Saranail. And similar to them are
those who went down as prisoners in their train, who are in
the second heaven, im prisoned in great darkness. And three of
them descended (co»AOJUaCll rpn) to the earth from the Lord's
Throne omo the place Ermon. And they broke the promise on

the shoulder of Mount Ermon. And they saw the daughters of
men, how beautifu l they were; and d1ey took wives for d1emselves,
and the earth was defiled by their deed s. Who ... in the entire
time of this age acted lawlessly and practiced miscegenation and
gave birth to giants and great monsters and great enmity. And

that is why God has judged them with a great judgment; and
they mourn their brothers, and they will be outrages on d1e
great day of the Lord." And I said to the Grigori, "I have seen
your brothers and their deeds and d1eir torments and d1eir great
prayers; and I have prayed for them. But the Lord has sentenced

them under d1e earth until heaven and earth are ended foreve r."
And I said, "Why are you wailing for your brothers? And why
don't you perform the liturgy before the face of the Lord? Start

up your liturgy, and perform the I iturgy before the face of the
Lord, so that you do not enrage your Lord God to the limit." And
they responded to my recommendations, and they stood in four
regimen ts in th is heaven. And behold, wh ile 1 was standing with

those men, 4 trumpets trumpeted in unison with a great sound,
and me Grigori burst into singing in unison. And their voice
rose in front of the face of the Lord, piteously and touchingly. [38 ]


Already in the very beginning of this passage the angelic hosts situated
in the fifm heaven are designated as _Grigori_ (Slav. fparopa),l [9 ] the term that
represents "a transcription of the Greek wo rd fo r the Watchers."i [0 ] Unlike
in chapter 7, where the idemity of the celestial gathering remains rather
uncertain, here the authors of the text explicitly choose to name the angelic
group. The text then provides some de tails of the angels' appearance. When

the Slavonic apocalypse describes d1em, an intriguing comparison is made
about the size of these angelic hosts, who are depicted as beings "larger than


94 Dark Mirrors


the large giams"- a reference tha t might also invoke the Giants traditions- a
conceptual trend which in early Enochic booklets is often intertwined with
the Watchers story.
The tex t then describes the Watchers' faces as being dejected,
emphasizing also their perpetual silence. Enoch, who appears tO be puzzled
by the view of this silent and depressive angelic company, then asks his
angelic guides about their strange dejected looks and their nonparticipation

in the angelic liturgy. In response he hears the story that further provides
the array of crucial mo tifs that invoke the memo•y of the account of
the Watchers' descent as it is described in the early Enochic circle. Two
significant details here are the references to the number of the descended
Watchers as two hundred (myriads) [41 ] and the designation of the place of

their descent on earth as Mount Hennon (Slav. EpMoH/ropa EpMOHCKMI).
It is well known that the numeral two hundred in relation to the descended
Watchers is attested already in the Book _of the Watchers-one_ of the earliest
Enochic booklets, whose text also locates the place of the Watchers' descent
at Mount HermonY

_2_ En. 18:4 then supplies ano ther crucial detail by describing how
the Watchers _b·rol<.e_ _the_ _promise_ on the shoulder of Mount Hermon. The
reference to the "promise" (Slav. o6etl(aline) [43 ] that the Watchers "broke"
on the shoulder of the infamous mountain is intriguing and appears to hint

tO the early Enochic tradition of the binding oath taken by the Watchers.
The passage found in chapter 6 of the Book _of the_ _Watchers_ ( 1 En. 6:3- 6)
unveils the motifs of mysterious promises and curses with which the rebellious
angels decided to bind themselves, thus securing their ominous mission and
fellowshipH

The descriptions of the Watchers' transgressions provided in _2 En._ 18
are also noteworthy. The references to the Watchers' marriage to d1e human

women, the procreation of the race of monstrous Giants, the enmity and
evil that this infamous bastard offspring created on earth-all these features
again betray the au thors' familiarity with early Watchers and G iants traditions
attested already in 1 _En._ 7. [4] ; It is also curious that _2_ _Enoch_ specifically
emphasizes the sin of interbreeding (miscegenation) (Slav. CMCIUCHite), [46 ]

an important sacerdotal concern of intermarriage that looms large in the
early Enochic circle.

Another typical "Enochic" deta il of chapter 18 is the reference to
God's sentencing the Watchers under the earth "until heaven and earth
are ended forever." This motif also appears to stem from the early Enochic

lore where the fallen Watchers are depicted as imprisoned under the earth
until the day of the final judgment.
All aforeme ntioned details point to familiarity of the authors of the
Slavonic apocalypse with the features of the original Enochic template. Yet,


The Watchers of Satanael 95



despite the efforts of the authors of the Slavonic apocalypse to harmonize
the plethora of early Enochic motifs into a coherent symbolic universe, the
Watchers' account reflected in chapter 18 appears to be not entirely without
contradictions. One of the puzzles here is a discrepancy about the location
of the angelic group encountered by d1e patriarch earlier- the incarcerated



rebels, whose memory is invoked again and again in chapter 18.



Thus, in 18:3 Enoch's angelic guides cOimect the Watcllers in the
fifth heaven with the ange lic group in the second heaven depicted earlier
in chapter 7:



A.nd sim ilar to them are those who went down as prisoners in

their train, who are in _the_ _second_ _heaven,_ imprisoned in great
darkness. (2 En. 18:3)



Later, in verse seven, Enoch hi mself reaffi rms this co nnection between
the two angelic groups when he unveils to the Watchers in the fifth heaven
the sad destiny of their rebellious bro thers in the lower realm:


A.nd l said to the Grigori, "[ have seen you r brod1ers and their
deeds and their torments and their great prayers; and I have
prayed for them. But the Lo rd has sentenced them _under_ _the_
_earth_ until heaven and earth are ended forever." (2 En. 18:7)


It is apparent that both passages about angelic rebellious groups in
chapters 7 and 18 are interconnected by a series of allusions and familiar

mo tifs intended to persuade d1e reader that both groups are interrelated and
now are separated because of their previous deeds. Yet 2 En. 18:7 exhibits a
clear concradiction when Enoch repom to the Watchers in the fifth heaven

th at God has sentenced their brothers _"under_ _the_ _earch."_ _[41 ]_ Several scholars
previously noticed this topological discrepancy about the exact location of
the second group of Watchers. [48 ] Reflecting on the textual contradictions
about the location of the imprisoned Watchers, one of these scholars, John
Reeves, observes that


2 _Enoch_ is peculiar in that it places the prison for the incarcerated
Watchers in heaven itself. This uanscendenc location contradicts

the explicit testimonies of other wo rks where these rebellious
Watchers are held; viz. beneath the earth _(1_ En. 10 :4-7; 12-14;
88:3; _}ub_ 5:6, 10; 2 Pet 2:4 ). Moreover, a later passage in 2 _Enoch_

is simultaneously cognizant of this latter tradition: "A.nd l said

tO the Watchers, l have seen your brothers, and l have heard
what they did . . . and I prayed for them. And behold, the Lo rd


96 Dark Mirrors


has conde mned them below the earth until the heavens and the
earth pass away . . . " The reference in this text is surely to the

imprisoned Watchers that Enoch had previously encountered in
the second heaven. But here, while touring the "fifth heaven," the
imprisoned \\/archers are spoken as being "beneath the earrh"! [49 ]


It is possible that the discrepancy pertaining to the loca tion of the
imprisoned angels can be explained by the topological peculiarities of the
Slavonic apocalypse whose main theological emph as is is centered on the
ascension of the translated hero in to the heavenly real m. Yet, possibly
cognizant of the various early traditions of the patriarch 's tours into other
(subterranean) realms, where Enoch observes the places of the punishment
of the rebellious Watchers, rhe authors of the Slavonic apocalypse try

tO reconcile (nor always seamlessly) these earlier traditions with their
ouranological scheme. [50 ] In th is respect the phrase "I saw a darkness greater
than earthly darkness"; [1 ] used in the description of the incarcerated angels
in the longe r recension of 2 En. 7: 1, deserves some additional attention. It
appears that this phrase strives to underl ine the otherworldly, possibly even
subterranean, nature of the darkness encountered by the patriarch in the
second heaven. Clearly, the text wants to emphasize that it is a darkness
of ano ther realm by comparing it with "earthly darkness." Later, in verse 2

this comparison with the earthly darkness is repeated again, this time in the
portrayal of the angels' appearance: "And those angels have the appearance
of darkness itself, more than earth ly darkness." [52 ]


Traces of the Ada mic Template


Besides the references ro the Enochic te mplate, the passage from chapter

18 also reveals also the authors' fam iliarity with the Adamic mythology
of ev il and the peculiar details of its demonological settings. Moreover, it
appears that the inte raction between the two paradigmatic templates in 2

Enoch can be seen nor merely as an atte mpt at mechanical mixture of the
elemen ts of both trends but rather the progressive movement toward their
organic union when the mutual interac tion is able to generate a qualitati vely
different tradition which is no longer equal ro their initial pam. Thus, one
can see here the consistent effort to "fuse" two mythological streams into
a new coherent ideology- an enormously d ifficult creative task carried out

mas terfully by the authors of the Slavo ni c apocalypse. One of the crucial
signs of such quali tative transition can be seen in the literary des tiny of the

main prorological and eschatological opponent of the Adamic tradi tionSatanael,53 who is now invited into the new unfamiliar entourage of the

rival mydlological trend, where he is being fashioned as the leader of the
rebellious Watchers.


The Watchers of Satanael


"These are the Grigori, who turned aside from the Lord,
200 myriads, together _with their_ _prince_ (c KH5130M CBOHM)
Satanail. ... " (2 _En._ 18)



97



T he fact that this identification represents not just an accidental
slip of the pen or an interpolation, but rather a sign of the consistent and
well-designed theological strategy of the text becomes evident if we compare
the description found in chapter 18 wid1 d1e Watchers tradition found in
chapter 7. There again the group of the incarcerated Watchers is described
by the aud1ors as the rebellious group who turn away _with_ _their_ _p1·ince:_


These are those who turned away from the Lord, who did not

obey the Lord's commandments, but of their own will plotted

toged1er and turned away _with_ _their_ _prince_ (c KH513eM CBOliM).
(2 _En._ 7)



Both passages are interconnected through identical Slavonic tenninology
since d1e leader of d1e rebellious angels in bod1 cases is designated as _a_
_J:rrince_ (Slav. Kllil3b). [54 ] It appears d1at in the theological tapestry of the
Slavonic apocalypse, chapter 7 plays an important role by serving for its

readers as a sort of a preliminary initiation into a new mythology of evilthe demonological setting where both the identities of the Watchers and
d1eir new leader Satanael are still concealed, d1us anticipating their full
conceptual disclosure in the later chapters.

But how really novel and original was d1is conceptual move for the
Enochic trend? It should be noted that the leadership of Satan over the
fallen Watchers is unknown in the earliest Enochic booklets. Yet, in the

late Second Temple Enochic text, the _Book_ _of the_ _Similitudes,_ one can see
d1e extensive appropriation of the Satan terminology, bod1 in d1e generic
and in the titular sense. [55 ] One of the instances of the "generic" use of such
terminology can be found in _I_ _En._ 40:7, where the term _satans_ appears to
designate one of the classes of angelic beings [56 ] whose function is to punish [57 ]

or to put forward accusations against those who dwell on earth: "And the
fourth voice I heard driving away the satans, and not allowing them to come



before the Lord of Spirits to accuse those who dwell on the dry ground." [58 ]



T he first possible steps towards the transitional template in which
Satan becomes the leader of the fallen Watchers might be discernable in
the _Similitudes_ 54:4- 6 where the "hosts of Azazel" are named as d1e "servants
of Satan" : [59 ]



And I asked the angel of peace who went with me, saying: "These
chain-instruments- for whom are they being prepared?" And he
said to me: "These are being prepared for d1e hosts of Azazel,


98 Dark Mirrors


that they may take them and throw them into the lowest part
of Hell; and they wi ll cover their jaws with rough stones, as the
Lord of Spirits commanded. And Michael and Gabriel, Raphael
and Phanuel- these will take hold of them on that great day,
and throw d1em on that day intO the furnace of burning fire,
that the Lord of Spirits may take vengeance on them for their
iniquity, in that they became servants of Satan and led astray
those who dwell upon the dry ground." [60 ]


Scholars argued that the term _Satan_ was used here not in d1e generic but
in the "titular" sense. [61 ] If this is so, this portentous conceptual development
is relevant for OLu swdy of the Satanael tradition found in the Slavonic
apocalypse, since it might provide add itional proof that the extensive
adoption of Adamic myd1ology of evil in _2 Enoch_ was not a later Christian

interpolation, but a genuine Enochic development possibly stemming from
other late Second Temple Enochic booklets.

Yet, despite its promising nature, the origin of the Satan tradition
found in the _Parables_ remains shrouded in mystery. It is really difficult to
discern from d1is terse and enigmatic passage found in the _Similitudes_ 54 if

the authors of the book really did have the knowledge of the full-blown
Adamic template, including the story of the angelic veneration, or if they
were merely borrowing the titular usage of Satan from the biblical materials.
Scholars previously noticed th is peculiar tendency of the Similitudes for
d1e extensive and open adaptations of some biblical titles in relation to
Enoch-a novel development in comparison with the earliest Enochic
booklets whose authors deliberately uied to maintain dis tance from the
"biblical" books. [62 ] In the light of these developments, it is possible that the

titular usage of the name "Satan," similar to many of Enoch's titles found
in the _Similitudes_ _,_ might here have biblical roots. Nevertheless, it remains
intriguing that the extensive appropriation of Satan terminology is found in
such a transitional Enochic booklet as the _Parables,_ a text which, similar ro

the Slavonic apocalypse, tries to dramatica lly enhance the exalted profile of
d1e seven th antediluvian patriarch, leading this character into the entirely
new, one might even say "divine," stage of his remarkable theological career
by identifying him with the preexistent son of man.
Now it is time tO return tO the Slavonic apocalypse, where the mutual
interaction between two mythologies of evil appears to be exercising a lasting
influence not only on the story of the Watchers but also on the account
of the negative protagonist of the Adamic meam-Satan(ael), who is now
acquiring some novel features from the Enochic tradition.

The longer recension of _2_ En. 29 elaborates upon the srory of Satanael's
fall by enhancing it with some new intriguing deta ils. It states that after his


The Watchers of Satanael 99


transgression, described as the violation of the ranks of the angelic hierarchy
in an attempt of self-exaltation, Satanael was cast out from heaven with his
angels. [63 ] The text further unveils that after his demotion "he [Satanael] was
flying around in the air, ceaselessly above the Bottomless (Slav. 6e3AHa)." [64 ]

This reference to the Slavonic word 6e3,o;Ha, (which more precisely can

be translated as "pit" or "abyss") as the place of punishment of the fallen
angel, invokes the memory of the Asael/Azazel story from _1 En._ 10 where
the leader of the fallen angels is thrown by the angel Raphael into the
subterranean pit. [65 ]

Here again one can see the profound dialogue between two formative
traditions of the fallen angels that alters or enhances the features of the
original templates, reshaping the stories of their infamous heroes.



The Transitional Template and Its Afterlife in the

Shi ' ur Qomah and Hekhalot Accounts



Our investigation of the mixed demonological template found in _2 Enoch_

is important not only because it witnesses to the prominant dialogue
between Enochic and Adamic mythologies of evil but also because it helps
to illuminate another important theological transition taking place for
the first time in the Slavonic apocalypse- that is, the paradigm shift from
the Jewish apocalypticism to early Jewish mysticism, thus in many ways
anticipating future developments within the Enochic lore and serving as
a blueprint for the later Watchers traditions reflected in the _Shicur Qomah_
and Hekhalot lore. [66 ]

ln this respect it is therefore useful to discuss some early signs and
facets of this ideological transition that was taking place at the end of the
Second Temple pe riod through the exploration of several pioneering aspects
of the Watchers traditions found in _2 Enoch_ and the afterlife of these novel
developments in later Jewish mysticism.
I have previously demonstrated the formative value of the Enochic
traditions reflected in the Slavonic apocalypse for late Jewish mysticism and
particularly for the Enochic developments attested in _Sefer_ _Hekhalot._ _[61 ]_ My
previous research was mainly concentrated on the figure of Enoch. Yet, in
light of the current investigation, it becomes clear that the lessons that _2_
_Enoch_ provides for later Hekhalot developments appear not to be limited
solely to the transformation of the narrative involving the chief positive
protagonist of the Enochic tradition-the seventh antediluvian hero-but
also involve the peculiar reworking of the story of its antiheroes-the fallen
Watchers. In next section of my study l will concentrate on two motifs found
in _2_ _Enoch_ that appear to anticipate future Jewish mystical developments:


100 Dark Mirrors


the motif of the three Watchers and the theme of the liturgical duties of
Enoch-Metatron.


Three Wa tchers



T his study has already drawn attention to the intriguing fact that the
Slavonic apocalypse operates with the tradition of the descent of the three
Watchers. Several manuscripts of _2_ _En._ 18 tell that "three of them [the
Watchers) descended to the earth from the Lord's Throne onto the place

Ermon." This passage invokes the memory of a peculiar tradition, found

in the later Enochic lore reflected in _Sefer_ _Hehhalot,_ that mentions three
ministering angels-Uzza, Azza, and Azael, enigmatic characters whose names
are reminiscent of the infamous leaders of the Watchers-Shemihazah and
Asael. [68 ] _Sefer_ _Hehhalot_ contains two textual units that deal with Uzza, Azza,

and Azael. One of them is situated in chapter 4 and another in chapter 5.

_3_ En. 4: 1-10 reads:



R. Ishmael said: I said to Metatron: " . . . why, then, do they call
you 'Youth' in the heavenly heights?" He answered: "Because I
am Enoch, the son of Jared . . . the Holy One, blessed be he,
appointed me (Enoch) in the height as a prince and a ruler
among the ministering angels. Then three of the ministering
angels, Uzza, Azza, and Azael, came and laid charges against me
in the heavenly height. They said before the Holy One, blessed
be He, 'Lord of the Universe, did not the primeval ones give you
good advice when they said, Do not create man!' ... once they
all arose and went to meet me and prostrated themselves before
me, saying 'Happy are you, and happy your parents, because your
Creator has favored you.' Because I am young in their company
and a mere youth among them in days and months and years
therefore they call me 'Youth.' " [69 ]



As has already been noted in this study, this specimen of the late
"Enochic" lore found in _Sefer_ _He/,halot_ is significant for our investigation
because it attests to the conceptual matrix of the mythology of evil very
similar to the one found in the Slavonic apocalypse, where the Enochic

trend attempts to emulate the paradigmatic features of the Adamic story.
It is possible that the influence of the Adamic template on the Hekhalot
passage is even more decisive than it might appear at first glance, since
besides the theme of the angelic veneration of the seer it also invokes the
motifs of the protological situation of the creation of humanity and the
angelic opposition to this act of the deity. Although the tradition of the


The Watchers of Satanael 101


veneration of Adam is not mentioned directly in this unit, it is indirectly
(similarly to the Slavonic apocalypse) reaffirmed by the veneration that
angels offer to Enoch. As has been mentioned above in this study, previous
scholars have noticed the presence of the pseudepigraphical matrix of the
Adamic tradition in th is passage. [10 ]

In _Sefer_ _Hel<hal.ot_ 5 the tradition about three "Watchers" takes another,
this time clearly "Enochic," turn, by connecting Uzza, Azza, and Azael with
the familiar theme of the corruption of humankind through a reference to
the angels' illicit pedagogy, a motif known already in the earliest Enochic
mythology of evil:


What did the men of Enosh's generation do? They roamed the
world from end tO end .... They brought down the sun, the

moon, the sta rs and the constellations .... How was it that
they had the strength to bring d1em down? It was only because
Uzza, Azza, and Azael taught rl1em sorceries that they brought

them down and employed them, for od1erwise they would not
have been able tO bring the m down. [71 ]


It is noteworthy that both passages about three fallen angels from
_Sefer_ _Heklwlot_ have distinctive fea tures of the mixed template, very similar

ro the one found in the Slavonic apocalypse. Both texts are trying to
bring the whole array of the Adamic motifs, including the account of the
angelic veneration, into the framework of the Watchers story. Although
the transmission history of the post-Second Temple Enochic traditions is
shrouded in mystery, it is possible that the developments detected in the
Slavonic apocalypse exercised a formative influence on the later Enochic

lore, including _Sefer_ _Hel<halot._ In th is respect it is noreword1y d1at despite
the tradition of the fallen angels' opposition to God 's creation of humans
found in several places in rabbinic literature, [72 ] the motif of the _three Watchers_
appears in Jewish milieus only in Sefer Hei<IU!lotn


Enoch as the Celestial Choirmaster of the Watchers


Anothe r prominent aspect of the Watchers traditions found in _2_ _Enoch_

that appears to exercise a long-lasting influence on later Jewish mystical
developme nts is its liturgical dimension. The repeated and persuasive
invocation of the idea of angelic veneration in many ways hints (directly
and indirectly) at this peculiar sacerdotal aspect, since this motif is often
placed in the Second Temple and rabbinic materials in the context of celestial
worship. In d1is respect one sh ould nor ignore the persistent liturgical concern
th at permeates the Watchers story in the Slavonic apocalypse.


102 Dark Mirrors


Indeed, the authors of the Watchers narratives of 2 _Enoch_ do not shy
away from expressing their interest in the theme of the heavenly liturgy.
Thus, when Enoch sees the "dejected" Watchers in the fifth heaven, the
passage immediately invokes the tradition of angelic worship by pointing to

the Watchers' nonparticipation in the celestial liturgical praxis:


And their faces were dejected, and the silence of their mouths
was perpetual. And there was no liturgy in the fifth heaven.
"What is the explanation that these ones are so very dejected,
and their faces miserable, and their mouths silent? And (why)
is there no liturgy in this heaven?"



The liturgical dimension of d1e Watchers tradition in 2 _Enoch_ is
intriguing and merits further investigation. Yet, in order to apprehend d1e
full meaning of this tradition for the later Enochic developments, a short

excursus in the Hekhalot and _Shi<ur Qomah_ materials is necessary.
The later Merkabah materials emphasize the crucial role that
Enoch-Metatron occupies in celestial worship by serving as the leader of



the angelic hosts.



_3 En._ 15B provides the following description of his spectacular liturgical
office:



Metatron is the Prince over all princes, and stands before him
who is exalted above all gods. He goes beneath the throne of
glory, where he has a great heavenly tabernacle of light, and
brings out the deafening fire, and puts it in the ears of the holy
creatures, so that they should not hear the sound of the utterance
that issues from the moud1 of the Almighty. [74 ]


A similar description in another Hekhalot text _(Synapse_ _§390)1_ _[5 ]_ further
elaborates Metatron's unique liturgical role:


One _hayyah_ rises above the seraphim and descends upon the
tabernacle of the youth whose name is Metatron, and says in a
great voice, a voice of sheer silence: "The Throne of Glory is

shining." Suddenly the angels fall silent. The watchers and the
holy ones become quiet. They are silen t, and are pushed into the

river of fire. The _hayyot_ put their faces on the ground, and this
youth whose name is Metatron brings the fire of deafness and
puts it into their ears so that they could not hear the sound of
God's speech or the ineffable name. The youth whose name is


The Watchers of Satanael


Metatron then invokes, in seven voices, his living, pure, honored,
awesome, holy, noble, strong, beloved, mighty, powerful name. [76 ]



103



These enigmatic passages reveal that one of Metatron's duties in the
heavenly realm involves his leadership over the angelic hosts delivering
heavenly praise to the deity. The testimonies that unfold Metatron's liturgical

role are not confined solely to the Hekhalot corpus, but can also be detected
in another prominent literary expression of early Jewish mysticism represented
by the Shi<ur _Qomah_ materials. The passages found in the _Shi<ur Qomah_ texts
attest to a similar tradition in which Metatron is portrayed as a liturgical
leader. Thus, _Sefer_ _Haqqomah_ 155-164 reads:


And (the) angels who are with him come and encircle the Throne
of Glory. They are on one side and the (celestial) creatures are
on the other side, and the Shekhinah is on the Throne of Glory

in the center. And one creature goes up over the seraphim and
descends on the tabernacle of the lad whose name is Metatron
and says in a great voice, a thin voice of silence, "The Throne
of Glory is glistening!" Immediately, the angels fall silent and the
<irin and the _qadushin_ are still. They hurry and hasten into the

river of fire. And the celestial creatures turn their faces towards
the earth, and th is lad whose name is Metatron, brings the fire
of deafness and puts (it) in the ears of the celestial creatures
so that they do not hear the sound of the speech of the Holy
One, blessed be He, and the explicit name that the lad, whose
name is Metatron, utters at that time in seven voices, in seventy
voices, in living, pure, honored, holy, awesome, worthy, brave,
strong, and holy name. [77 ]



In reference to these traditions, Martin Cohen notes that in the _Shicur_
_Qomah_ tradition Metatron's service in the heavenly tabernacle appears to
be "entirely liturgical" and "is more the heavenly choirmaster and beadle



than d1e celestial high priest." [78 ]



It is evident that the tradition preserved in _Sefer_ _Haqqomah_ catmot
be separated from the microforms found in _Synopse_ §390 and _3_ _En._ 15B,
since all these nanatives are unified by a similar structure and terminology.
All of them also emphasize Metatron's leading role in the course of the
celestial service.

It is possible d1at this tradition of Enoch-Metatron as d1e one who
encourages and prepares angels for their liturgical praxis in heaven might
have its early roots already in 2 _Enoch._


104 Da rk Mirrors


As we reca ll, in the beginning of chapter 18 the patriarch is depicted
as the one who laments about the absence of angelic liturgy in the fifth
heaven and the silence of the Watchers. In light of the Hekhalot and Shicur
_Qomah_ materials, his concern about the pause in the angelic liturgical routine

appears robe not just a matter of curiosity. Further in d1e same unit Enoch
encourages the celestial Watchers to start their liturgy before the face of
God. The longer recension of 2 En. 18:8-9 relates:


And I [Enoch] said, "Why are you waiting for your bromers?
And why don't you _perfcrrrn_ _che_ _liturgy_ _[19 ]_ before the face of the
Lord? Start up _)•our_ /.iwrgy,t'~ and perform the liturgy before the
face of the Lord, so that you do not enrage your Lord to the
limit." And they responded ro my recommendation, and they
srood in four regiments in this heaven. And behold, while I was
standing with d1ose men, 4 trumpets trumpeted in unison with
a great sound, and the Watchers burst into singing in unison.
And their voice rose in front of the face of the Lord, piteously
and rouchingly. [81 ]


One notices that the imagery of this account represents a rather vague
sketch that only distandy alludes to the future prominent liturgical role of

Enoch-Metatron. Ye t here, fo r the first time in the Enochic tradition, the
seventh antediluvian patriarch dares to assemble and direct the angelic
creatures for their routine job of delivering praise to d1e deity.

It is also significant that, despite the fact that in 2 En. 18 the pa triarch
gives h is advice to the angels si tuated in the fifth heaven, he repeatedly
advises them ro start the litu rgy "before the Face of me Lo rd," that is, in
front of the divine _Kavod,_ the exact location where Youth-Metatron will

later conduct the heavenly worship of the angelic hosts in the _Shi'ur Qornah_
and Hekhalot accoums.

These later specimens of Jewish mys tical lore provide an important
interpretive framework th at allows us to discern the traces of these later fully
developed liturgical traditions already in _2_ Enoch. In this respect the Slavonic
apocalypse can be seen as the crucial conceptual nexus loaded with several
portentous transitions ma t become instrumental in shaping the angelological
template prominenr in d1e later Shi'ur _Qornah_ and Hekhalot lore.

In light of the developmen ts discernable in _2_ _Enoch,_ it is possible that
the unique liturgical role that Enoch-Metatron occupies in the Merkabah
tradition in rela tion to the celesti al creatures is linked tO the tradition of his
veneration by me angels. A lready in the Slavonic apocalypse the celestial
citizens recognize the authority and the leadership of the seventh anted il uvian
hero by bowing down before him. Th is peculiar ritual of recognition of the
celestial leader appears not to be forgotten in the later mys tical lore. In this


The Watchers of Satanael 105


respect it is striking th at in the aforementioned liturgical passages from the
_Shi'ur Qomah_ and Hekhalot accounts various classes of angels, including the
class named 1'i'.iJ (the Watchers), are depicted wi th "their faces towards
the earth" while Enoch-Metatron puts fire in their ears. It cannot be ruled
out that one has here the liturgical afterlife of the familiar motif of angelic
bowing before the translated hero. lr is noteworthy that already in the early
Adamic lore that constitutes the background of the developments found in _2_
_Enoch,_ the theme of the angelic veneration of Adam is placed in the larger
framework of divine worship, where the protOplast appears tO be undersrood

not as the ultimate object of veneration but rather as a representation or an
icon of the deity through whom angels are able to worship God. [82 ]


Conclusion


In concluding our study of the intriguing relationships between the Enochic
and Adamic templates of the fallen angels in the Slavonic apocalypse,
we should again draw a ttention tO d1e broader d1eological concerns and
circumstances for such striking metamorphoses of two previously relatively
independent trends. As has been already pointed out in this study, one
possible reason why many Adamic d1emes, including the motif of d1e angelic
veneration, we re brought for the first ti me in 2 _Enoch_ into the framework
of the Enochic developments, was the changing status of the main hero of

the Enochic tradition. It appears that in the Slavonic apocalypse the story
of the exalted protagonist of the Enochic lore seems to be stepping into

the new era of its theological and anduopological development in which
the patriarch undergoes a remarkabl.e transition from an exemplar of the
transformed angelomorphic humanity, as he appears in the early Enochic
literatme, to the new conceptual stage in which he is envisioned now as a
specimen of the theomorphic humanity.
Scholars previously noted that many future roles of Enoch-Metatron as
the lesser representation of d1e divine Name and the replica of the divine
Body-d1e offices that clearly intend to exalt the translated hero above d1e
angelic world-are already hin ted at in the Slavonic apocalypse. In this
respect it appears to be not coincidental that the authors of the Slavonic
apocalypse are repeatedly try ing to emphasize the supra-angelic status of the
translated patriarch and his unique position in relation to the deity. [83 ] The
motif of the angelic veneration, a development borrowed by the Enochic
authors from the rival Adamic trend, seems to further affirm this new status
of the elevated patriarch, securing his unique place above the angels.

In ligh t of these significant anthropological transitions, which led Jewish
mediatorial lore into the new era of its evolution, a brief look at another
crucial theological account of the divine humanity, also written in the firs t


106 Dark Mirrors


century CE, might provide additional illuminating insights. Narrating Jesus'
temptation in the wi lderness, the Gospel of Matthew unveils the following
tradition:


Again, the devil rook him ro a very high mountain, and showed
him all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them; and
he said to him, "All these I will give you, if you will fall down
(nw<bv) and worship me." Then Jesus said to him, "Begone,
Satan! fo r it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God and

him only shall you serve.'" Then the devil left him, and behold,
angels came and ministered (6~1V<6vouv) to him. (Matt 4:8-11)


It has been previously noticed that this passage, in wh ich the Devil
tempts Jesus by asking him to fa ll down (neooov) and worship the demon
appears to be alluding also to the Adamic account of the fall of Satan who
once refused to venerate the protoplast. [84 ] The ancient enemy of humankind
appears to be trying to take revenge for his protological mishap involving

the First Adam by asking now fo r the veneration and worship from the Last
Adam- Christ. But Jesus refuses to follow th is demonic trap, and after he

rejects Satan's proposal, the motif of angelic worship is then invoked again,
this time directly and unambiguously in the text. Ma tt 4:11 tells its readers
that after the temptation was over, angels came ro worship Jesus.

Here, similar ro the possibly contemporaneous tradition found in the
Slavonic apocalypse, the motif of angelic worship hin ts at the new divine
status of a human character and helps to understand the anthropological
paradigm shift that is leading the restored humankind back into the new,
but once before lost, abode of its divine existence [85] - the dimension in which
a long time ago humanity was exalted above the angels humbly venerated
by them.


**Sa** **tan and** **the Visionary**

Apocalyptic Roles of the Adversary in the
Temptation Narrative of the

Gospel of Matthew


The first prince :lnd accuser, the commander of jealousy, is evi l Samael,
accompanied by his retinue. He is called "evil" not because of his nature
but because he desires to unite and intimate ly mingle with an emanation
not of his nawre.

                            - R. Isaac ben Jacob Ha-Kohen,
"Treatise on the Left Emanation"


The Temptation Story


Scholars believe that the stories of Jesus' temptation by Satan found in
Matthew and Luke emanated from Q.' Both of them are also informed
by the temptation narra tive found in rhe Gospel of Mark. [2 ] The accounts
found in Matthew and Luke are different in several aspects. One of the
differences is that the Gospel of Luke, similar to the Gospel of Mark, states

that Satan's temptation of Jesus in the wi lderness lasted the forty-day period.
In contrast to this, Matthew's account seems ro pur emphasis on rhe length
of Jesus' fast by claiming that he _fasted_ forty days and forty nights. The two
accounts then also exhibit some differences in the order of the temptations.
Scholars believe that the Gospel of Matthew attests the original order of the

tempta tion narrative, while the Gospel of Luke represents the inversion of
this o riginal order. J Although Saran's request to turn srone(s) into a loaf of
bread is situated in the beginning of both accounts, the order of the other
two temptations is different. Scholars believe that the fact that the Gospel
of Ma tthew and the Gospel of Luke both start with the temptation in

the wilderness might suggest that both of them were influenced by Mark's


107


108 Dark Mirrors


account. [4 ] The Gospel of Matthew then follows this first temptation with

the second one in the Temple, and the third on the mountain. In contrast
to the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Luke, while placing in the middle
a temptation from a high place, then concl udes with the temptation in the
Temple.

Several features of Matthew's accounr might suggest tha t it contains
more explicit references to apocalyptic traditions than Mark and Luke. As
l already mentioned, Mark and Luke, who take the forty-day period as
encompassing the whole process of temptation, seem to reemploy here the
traditional allusion to the forty years of testing the Israelites in the wilderness.
Yet Matthew's emphasis on an initiatory forty-day fasting which fo llows the
appearance of Satan might suggest that the fast serves here as a tool for
inducing of visionary experience. It is noteworthy that the canonical stO ries
of the two most famous visionaries of the Hebrew Bible, Moses and Elijah,
contain passages referring specifically to periods of forty days. Exod 24: IS tells
of Moses's abiding forty days and forty nigh ts at the top of Mount Sinai.;

1 Kings 19:8 refers to the sro ry of Elijah sustained by angels for forty days [6 ]

during his journey tO Mount Horeb. [1 ] It is noteworthy that in both accounts,
as in Matthew, the motif of the forty-day fast coincides with the theme of
an encounter on a mountain, signifying a visionary experience on high.

If we are correct about the transformational value of fasting in Matthew's
account, it should be noted that the fast serves there as the rool for inducing

the vision of Satan, but not of God. It is possible d1at this depiction h as
a polemical flavor as the author of th e temptation narrative attempts to
deconstruct the traditional apocalyptic settings.


Enigmatic Psychopomp


What is even more striking is d1at in the temptation narrative, Satan serves
as a psychopomp of jesus, depicted as transporting a protagonist of the srory

tO high, possibly even highest, places. In apocalyptic literature angels or
archangels often serve as d1e psychopomps of visionaries. Thus, for example,

in 2 Enoch the seventh antediluvian patriarch is taken to heaven by two
angels. In the same apocalyptic account Melchizedek is transported on the

wings of Gabriel tO the Paradise of Eden. In d1e temptation narrative Satan
see ms to be fu lfilling these familiar fun ctions of a transporting angel. It is

important that in both cases Satan is transporting jesus not to hell, but to
the "high places"-the first time to the top of the Temple in the Holy City
and the second time tO the very high mountain. Some scholars believe that
the mountain here represents the place of the divine abode as in some other
apocalyptic texts. Satan's apocalyptic roles are puzzling. Does the unusual


Satan and the Visionary 109


duty of Satan as the transporter to the upper places represent a polemical

twist? Does the author here attempt to deconstruct rhe fam iliar apocalyptic
motifs by depicting Satan as Jesus' angelic transporter?

It is also important that in both Matthew and Luke, Satan serves
not merely as a psychopomp but also as an _angelns_ _interpres_ who literally
"leads up" (ava.ya.yrov a.\nov) the visionary and "shows him" (oe(Kvucrtv

a\l't</> _I_ ~&t~ev a.i}t</> ) the visionary reality, fulfilling thus the traditional
functions of the interpreting angels in Jewish apocalyptic and mystical

accounts. Scholars previously noted the terminological similarities between
the temptation narrative and Deuteronomy 34: l-4, [8 ] where God serves as an
_angelus_ _interpres_ cludng Moses's vision on Mount Nebo showing (~oetl;ev)

the prophet the promised land and giving him an explanation of it.•


Enochic Descent Traditions


It is also interesting that in one of the temptations Satan makes Jesus "stand
up" on the pinnacle of the Temple. According ro the _Pesiqta Rabbaci,_ when d1e
Messiah reveals hi mself he will come and stand on the roof of the Temple. [10 ]

The installation of Jesus by Satan on the highest point of rhe Sanctuary
is intriguing and appears to be reminiscent of the installations of some
visionaries in Jewish apocalyp tic accounts. In these accounts the ange lic guides
often help seers get installed in the ranks of the _sar_ _happanim,_ the celestial
office that is characterized by the function of standing before the heavenly
Temple represented by the divine _Panim._ One such peculiar installation is
described in _2 Enoch_ where Uriel (Yrevoil) makes d1e seventh antediluvian
patriarch stand in the celestial Temple represented by the liturgical settings
of the Divine Face. I previously explored this apocalyptic idiom of standing
tracing its roots to the Mosaic biblical accounts where God makes Moses
stand up on the mountain before his Face. [11 ]

It has already been mentioned that the au thors of the temptation
account seem ro exhibit familiarity wid1 the ascent traditions. It is not
completely impossible that in Satan's suggestion to Jesus throw himself down
we might have a sort of allusion also to the descent traditions similar to the
ones reflected in the Enochic writings, where the ministering angels, called

the Watchers, decided to abandon their ministerial duties in the heavenly
Temple and descend to earth. In the biblical version of this srory reflected

in Genesis 6, this protological myth of the angelic descent is conveyed
through the imagery of the sons of God. [12 ] Can Satan's address to Jesus as
the Son of God be a reflection of some terminological affinities with the
Septuagint rendering of Genesis 6? Another terminological parallel that
can be considered is the connection between the Watchers' status as d1e


110 Dark Mirrors


standing angels in the Heavenly Temple and Jesus' standing on d1e summit
of the Temple.


The Venera tion Motif


The third part of the temptation story in Matthew takes place on the

mountain. Several scholars previously noted that d1e mountain here might
be an allusion ro d1e place of the divine presence and dominion. Here,
however, strangely enough, it becomes d1e exalted place from wh ich Satan
asks Jesus to venerate him.

In the Enochic and Mosaic tradi tions d1e high mountain often serves
as one of the technical designations of the _Kavod._ Thus, fo r example, _1_ Enoch
25:3 identifies d1e high mountain as a location of the Throne of GodY In
d1e _Exagoge._ of Ezekiel the Tragedian, Moses is identified with the _Kavod_
on the mountain. [14 ]

If Matthew indeed has in mind the mountain of d1e _Kavod,_ in Satan's
ability ro show Jesus all the kingdoms of the wo rld and their splendor we

might have a possible reference to the celestial curtain _Pargod_ (, 1Ji:l),
the sacred veil of the divine Face, which in _3_ _Enoch_ 45 is described as an
en tity d1at literally "shows" all generations and all kingdoms simultaneously
in the same dme. [15 ] In _3 Enoch_ 45:1- 4 one can lind the fo llowing tradition
about the _Pargod:_



R. Ishmael said: Metatron said to me: Come and I will show
you the curtain of the Omnipresent One which is sp read before
the Holy One, blessed be he, and on which are printed all the
generations of the world and their deeds, whether done or to

be done, till the last generation .. . the kings of Judah and
their generations, their deeds and their acts; the kings of Israel
and their gene rations, their deeds and their acts; the kings of
the gentiles and their generations, their deeds and their acts. [16 ]



Saran's suggestion to Jesus that he prostrate himself before his tempter
seems also connected with some apocalyptic and mystical traditions. Scholars
previously noted that the derails of the depiction of the last temptation of
Jesus seem to allude to some details found in the account of Adam's elevation
and his veneration by angels found in various versions of the _Life_ _of Adam_
_and_ _Eve._ The _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books_ depict God's creation of Adam in his
image. The archangel Michael brough t the first human and had him bow
down before God's face. God then commanded all the angels to bow down


Satan and the Visionary **111**



to Adam. All the angels agreed to venerate the protoplast except Satan
(and his angels); d1e latter refused to bow down before Adam because the
first human was younger d1an Satan was.

It is significant that in the Gospel of Matthew the tempter asks Jesus
to prostrate himself (literally "falling down") (nwrov) before Satan. Matthew
seems more close to the Adamic tradition than Luke since in Luke necrrov
.
IS l11lSSll1g.

Satan's request for veneration can be part of the authors' Adam
Christology: Satan, who lost his celestial status by refusing to venerate the
First Adam, is now attempting to reverse the situation by asking the Last



Adam to bow down. [17 ]



lt is also important to note that while in early Adamic accounts
God encourages veneration of the protoplast, in the later rabbinic stories
he opposes this veneration. [18 ] Alan Segal demonstrated that these later
rabbinic stories of opposition to the angelic veneration of Adam were part
of the "two powers in heaven" controversy. It is possible that the details
of the temptation narrative found in Matthew and Luke might anticipate

these later rabbinic developments. These details might represent one of the
early specimens of the "two powers in heaven" debate. In this respect it
is noteworthy that in Matthew and Luke, Jesus categorically opposes any
possibility of veneration of anyone except God.



Negative Transformation


Although scholars previously noticed that Satan's request for veneration
alludes to the story of the angelic veneration of the protoplast, they often

missed the visionary and transformational aspects of this account. Even
in Adam's aforementioned veneration, the motif of the veneration of the
protoplast is implicitly linked to the tradition of veneration of the divine
glory, since Adam serves there as sort of representation or replica of the
divine anthropomorphic extent. The _Kavod_ imagery thus appears to be present
already in the _P1imary_ _Adam_ _Books_ where God asks angels to venerate not
simply Adam, but the image of God. The veneration by the angelic hosts
suggests that Adam is identified there with Kavod- the traditional object
of angelic veneration in apocalyptic accounts.

Satan's request for veneration seems also connected with the traditions
of vision and transformation. What is important here is that Satan requests
veneration for himself while standing on the mountain, the location that was

interpreted by scholars as a reference to the place of the divine presence.
The motif of Satan on the mountain appears to constitute here a sort of


112 Dark Mirrors


the counterpart of the divine habitation. Could it be that Satan positions
himself here as a sort of the second power or, more precisely, as the negative
counterpart of _Kavod?_
In Jewish apocalyptic writing the motif of the prostration before
the divine _Kavod_ often represents one of the preparatory stages for the
transformation of a seer into a celestial being, or even his identification with
the divine extent. [19 ] In the course of this initiation a visionary often acquires
the nature of the object of his veneration, including the luminosity that
underlines his identification with the radiant manifestation of the divine form.
In the context of these traditions it is possible that in the temptation
narrative one can find a similar transformational motif. One can encounter
here an example of negative transformational mysticism: by forcing Jesus
to bow down, the tempter wants the seer to become identified with Satan's
form, in exact opposition to the visionaries of Jewish apocalyptic writings
who through their prostration before the divine Face become identified with
the divine _Kavod._


##### **The Flooded Arboretums**

The Garden Traditions in the Slavonic Version
of _3 Baruch_ and the _Book of Giants_


Listen, Baruch. In the first place, the tree was the vine, but secondly, the
tree (is) sinful desire which Satanael spread over Eve and Adam, and
because of this God has cursed the vine because Satanael had planted it.


-3 _Bar._ 4:8


Introduction



TI1e apocalypse known as 3 _Bar·uch_ depicts a celestial tour during which an
angelic guide leads a visionary through five heavens, revealing to him the
wonders of the upper realm. Scholars have noted that some details of this
heavenly journey resonate with the visionary accounts found in Enochic
materials.' Despite the similarities, the aud1or of 3 _Baruch_ seems to avoid
making direct references to the motifs and d1emes associated with Enochic
tradition. In the regard, Richard Bauckham comments: "It is remarkable that
3 _Baruch,_ which throughout chapters 2- 5 is preoccupied with the stories of
Gen 2-11, makes no reference to the Watchers." [2 ] He suggests, further, that

d1e author of this apocalypse "is perhaps engaged in a polemical rejection
of d1e Enoch traditions, so d1at as well as substituting Baruch for Enoch
he also substitutes the human builders for the angelic Watchers. Instead
of deriving evil on earth from the fall of the Watchers, he emphasizes its
origin in the Garden of Eden." [3 ] In response to this observation, Martha
Himmelfarb agrees that various textual features of 3 _Baruch_ reveal a polemic
against the Enochic literature. [4 ] These observations are intriguing and deserve
furd1er investigation. Even a brief look at the apocalypse shows that despite
a conspicuous coloring of the Adamic interpretation of the origin of evil,

the details of 3 _Baruch's_ descriptions of the garden expose the motifs and
d1emes linked to another prominent story in which the source of evil is
traced to the myth of the Watchers/Giants.


113


11 4 Da rk Mirrors


This chapter will investigate the accoum of paradise found in chapter 4
of _3 Baruch_ and its possible connection with Enochic and Noachic traditions.


The Paradise Traditions of the

Slavonic Version of 3 Baruch


_3 Baruch_ became firs t known in its Slavonic version; and only later were the
Greek manuscripts of the book uncovered. [6 ] Despite the availability of the
Greek evidence, scholars noted that in some parts of the pseudepigraphon

the Slavonic text seems to preserve more original materiaL Harry Gaylord's
newly assembled Slavonic sources show several areas where Slavonic appears
to be closer ro the original.1 One of such areas concerns the fourth chapter of
the text. Gaylord observes that the overall structure and comem of chapter
4 in Slavonic seem closer to the original [8 ] than the extant Greek version,
whicl1 in this part "has suffered the most at the hands of Christian scribes." [9 ]

Chapter 4 of the Slavonic version contains several important details that are

missing from the Greek version, including the srory of the angels planting the
garden. Our investigation of chapter 4 will deal with the Slavonic version
and will be supplemented by the Greek version.
In _3_ _Bar._ 4 the reader finds Barucl1 in the middle of his heavenly
journey. The angelic guide continues tO show him celesti al wonders. In the
beginn ing of the chapter, Baruch sees a serpem on a stone mountain who
"eats eard1 like grass." Then, in 4:6, Baruch asks h is angelus interpres to show
him the tree that deceived Adam. In response to this request, Baruch hears

the story about the planting and destruction of the heavenly garden. In the
Slavonic version, d1e story has the following form:


And the angel said to me "When God made the garden and
commanded Michael to gather two hundred thousand' [0 ] md three

angels so that they could plan t the garden, Michael planted
the olive and Gabriel, d1e apple; Uriel, [11 ] the nut; Raphael, the
melon; and Satanael, [12 ] d1e vine. For at first h is name in former
times was Satanael, and similarly all the angels plan ted the
various uees." [13 ] And again l Baruch said to the angel, "Lord,
show me the tree through which d1e setpent deceived Eve and

Adam." And d1e angel said to me, "Listen, Baruch. In the first
place, the tree was the vine, but secondly, the tree (is) sinful
desire which Satanael spread over Eve md Adam, and because
of this God has cursed the vine because Satanael had planted it,

and by that he deceived d1e protoplast Adam and Eve." And l
Baruch said to the angel, "Lord, if God has cursed the vine and

its seed, then how can it be of use now?" And the angel said to


The Flooded Arboretums



115



me, "Rightly yo u ask me. When God made d1e Flood upon rhe
earth, he drowned every firstl ing, and he destroyed 104 thousand
giants, and the water rose above the highest mountains 20 cubits

above the mountains, and the water entered in ro the garden,
(and tool< _all d1at was_ blooming), '~ bringing our one shoot from rhe
vine as God withdrew the waters. And there was dry land, and
Noah went out from the ark and found the vine lying on the
ground, and did not recognize it having only heard about it and

irs form. He thought ro h imself, saying, "This is truly the vine
which Saranael planted in d1e middle of the garden, by which
he deceived Eve and Adam; because of this God cursed it and
its seed. So if 1 plant it, then will God not be angry with me?"
And he knelt down on (his) knees and fasted 40 days. Praying
and crying, he said, "Lord, if I plant this, what will happen?"
And the Lord send the angel Sarasael; he declared to him, "Rise,
Noah, and plant the vine, and alter its name, and change it for
the better." (3 _Bar._ 4:7-15)."


The depiction conveys several rare traditions about the garden of which
two are especially important for this investigation: the angels planting the
garden and the flooding of this garden by the waters of the Deluge. Both
of these traditions are preserved only in rhis pseudepigraphon. There are,
however, some early materials rhar seem to allude to the same rare traditions
about the garden's planting the garden and flooding. One of these sources
includes the fragments of the _Book of Giants._


The Garden Traditions in the Book of Giants


TI1e composition known as the _Bool< of Giants_ exists only in a very fragmentary
form preserved in jewish and Manichean sources, including the Aramaic
fragments of the Bool< _of Giants_ found at Qumran, [16 ] the fragments of the
Manichean _Book ofGiancs,_ _[11 ]_ and the later Jewish text kn own as the Midrash
_of Shemhazai_ _and_ _Az.ael._ [18 ]

In these materials associated with the _Book of Giants,_ we find the themes
of the planting and the destroying of a garden. The Aramaic fragment of
the Book _of Gianrs_ from Q umran ( 4QS30) and the Midrash _of Shemhazai_ _and_
_Azael_ depict a dream in which the giant Hahyah, the son of the watcher
Shemihazah, sees a certain garden planted and then destroyed.

4Q530 lines 3- 12 read:


Then two of them dreamed dreams, and the sleep of their eyes
and come to[ ... ]their dreams. And he said in the assembly of


11 6 Da rk Mirrors


[his frien]ds, the Nephilin, [ ... in] my dream; 1 have seen in

this night [ . .. ] gardeners and they were watering[ . . . ] numerous
roo[ts] issued from their trunk [ ... ] _I_ watched until rongues of
fi re from [ ... ] all the water and the fire burned in all [ ... ] Here
is the end of the dream. [19 ]


The fragment seems to depict certain gardeners planting or sustaining
a garden by watering its numerous "roots." It also poruays the destmction
of the same garden by water and fi re. The description of both events is very
fragmentary and many features of the swry appear _w_ be missing in 4Q530.

Both motifs seem better preserved in the _Midraslt_ _of Shemhazai and_ _Azael,_
which provides addi tional important details. It refers direc tly to the planting
of the garden by using the Hebrew verb .!)tj):


One night the sons of Shemhaza i, Hiwwa and Hiyya,2° saw

(visions) in dream, and both of them saw dreams. One saw the
great stone spread over the earth .... The other (son) saw a
garden, _planted_ (.!)1tjJ) [11 ] whole with (many) kinds of trees and
(many) kinds of precious swnes. And an angel (was seen by
him) descending from the firmament with an axe in his hand,
and he was cutting down all the trees, so that there remained
only one tree containing three branches. When they awoke from
their sleep they arose in confusion, and, going to their father,
they related to him the dreams. He said to them: "The Holy
One is about to bring a flood upon the world, and to destroy

it, so that there will remain but one man and his three sons." [22 ]



Besides 4QS30 and the _Midrash_ _of Shemhazai_ and _Azael,_ the Hahyah/
Hiyya dream is also mentioned in the Middle Persian Kaw§n fragment _j_ of
the Manichean _Book_ _of Giants_ published by Walter Bruno Henning. ·n .e
evidence, however, is very terse and ambiguous,B containing only one line:
"Nariman [24 ] saw a gar[den full of] trees in rows. Two hundred ... came out,



d1e trees ... _. "_ _[15 ]_



Henning suggests that this fragment should be interpreted in light of
another Middle Persian fragment, _D_ (M 625c), which links the Watchers



wid1 the trees:




[O]utside ... and ... left ... read the dream we have seen.
Thereupon Enoch thus ... and the uees that come out, those
are the Egregoro i, and the giants that came out of the women.
And ... over ... pulled out .. . over . . . .2 [6 ]


The Flooded Arboretums 117


Several important details in the above mentioned descriptions from
Jewish and Manichean sources should be clarified. The first concerns

the subjects planting the garden. 4Q530 refers to the gardeners watering
numerous roots issued from their trunk. Who are these gardeners? J6zef
Milik was first to identify the gardeners as angelic beings. He argued that
the gardeners are "guardian angels" or "bailiffs of the world-garden" and are
matched by the shepherds in the _Book of Dreams_ in _1 En._ 89:59 and 90:1 _Y_
Loren Stuckenbruck agrees that the gardeners might be angelic beings, but
notes that there is reason to question whether the gardeners are meant to
represent good angelic beings. [28 ] He suggests that in light of 4Q530 line 8
the ultimate outcome of the gardeners' work seems to be the production
of "great shoots" from the root source, which, in Stuckenbruck's opinion,
signifies "the birth of the giants from the women." [29 ] He further argues that

the "watering" activity is a metaphor for impregnation and the gardeners,
in fact, represent fallen angelic beings, the Watchers. [30 ] John Reeves had
earlier suggested that the gardeners might represent the Watchers prior to
their apostasy. [31 ] He notes that the image of the gardeners "watering" the
garden may allude to the initial educational mission of the Watchers, who
according to _]ub._ 4:15 were originally sent by God to earth to instruct
humans in moral conduct. [32 ]

The second detail of the description concerns the imagery of the trees.
It seems that the trees symbolize not the vegetation, but the inhabitants of
the garden: angelic, human, or composite creatures. Arboreal metaphors are
often used in Enochic tradition to describe the Watchers and the Giants
(cf. CD 2:17- 19).

Another important detail is found in the Midrash _of Shemhazai_ _and_
_Azael,_ in which the destruction of the garden is associated with the flood and
Noah's escape from it. 4Q530 linelO also seems to allude to the flood, since
Hahyah's dream mentions the destruction of the garden by fire and _water._ A
short Qumran fragment, 6Q8, also provides evidence for the connection of
Hahyah's dream with Noah's escape. Florentino Garda Martinez observes that
the reference to Noah and his sons in the _Midrash_ _of Shemhazai_ _and_ _Azael_
has its equivalent in 6Q8 line 2, [33 ] which speaks of three shoots preserved
from the flood so as to signify the escape of Noah and his three sons. [34 ]

John Reeves [35 ] offers the following reconstruction of the dream based
on the two fragments: [36 ]


Hahyah beholds in his vision a grove of trees carefully attended
by gardeners. This tranquil scene is interrupted by the sudden
appearance (or transformation?) of two hundred figures within
this garden. The result of this invasion was the production of


118 Dark Mirrors


"great" shoots sprouting up from the roots of the trees. While
Hahyah viewed this scene, emissaries from Heaven arrived and
ravaged the garden with water and fire, leaving only one tree
bearing three branches as the sole survivor of the destruction. [37 ]


A comparison of this description from the _Book of Giants_ with the story
found in the Slavonic version of _3_ _Bar._ 4 shows that both accounts seem

to have three similar events that follow one anod1er in the same sequence:
the planting of the garden, the desuuction of the garden, and the escape of
one tree from the destruction. These intriguing similarities call for a more

through investigation of the parallels between the garden traditions found
in the _3 Bar._ 4 and the _Book_ _of Giants._


The Angelic Planting of the Garden (3 Baruch 4:7-8)



The motif of angels planting the garden is uniquely preserved only in the
Slavonic version of _3 Baruch._ _[38 ]_ In the text, d1e tale about d1e planting comes
from the moud1 of Baruch's angelic guide. From him d1e visionary leams

that God commanded Michael to gather two hundred thousand and three
angels in order to plant the garden. The story further relates that Michael,
Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael, and Satanael planted five trees. Other angels also
planted "various trees."

Several features in d1e story of d1e planting found in _3_ _Bar._ 4:7-8
seem to resonate with the account found in the _Book of Giants._ These details

include the following significant points:



1. _3 Bar._ 4:7 mentions two hundred d1ousand and d1ree angels

planting d1e garden;



2. the fallen angel Satanael also takes part in d1e plantation of

the "trees"·,



3. according to d1e story, Satanael plants the bad tree- the tree

of deception;



4. d1e tree is described as a sinful desire d1at the fallen angel

had for humans;



5. _3 Bar._ 4:7 mentions the planting of five types of trees in the
garden.


1. The first feature of _3_ _Bar._ 4 that recalls the _Book_ _of Giants_ is the
number of angelic hosts involved in planting the garden. _3_ _Bar._ 4:7 states


The Flooded Arboretums 119


th at God commanded MichaeP [9 ] to gather two hundred thousand and three
angels in order to plant the garden. The numeral two h undred thousand
and three, reserved here for the number of angelic hosts, gives a clue to the
reader intO seeing the angelic "gardeners" described in _3 Bar._ 4:7 as somehow
related to the fallen Watchers, who in the Bool< _of Giants_ "planted" gigantic
"trees" on dle earth through their iniquities. [40 ] In early Enochic accounts,

the numeral "two hundred" often refers to the number of the Watchers
descending on Mount Hermon [41 ] Some later Enochic accounts, however,
tend to exaggerate the number of the fallen Watchers, depicting them as
two hundred thousand or two hundred myriads. For example, in the longer
recension 2 _En._ 18:3, the angelic guides give Enoch the fo llowing infonnation
about the Watchers: "These are the _Gregori_ (Watchers), who tumed aside
from the Lord, 200 _myriads,_ together wi th their prince Satanaii."H It is
noteworthy that in _3_ _Baruch_ 4, similar to 2 _Enoch_ 18, the tradition about
the two hundred myriads of ange lic beings is creatively conflated with dle
name of SatanaiiY

2. In _3_ _Bar._ 4:7-8, one of the angel ic creatures planting the garden
along with the four principal angels (Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, and Raphael)
is the fallen angel Satanael. The description of Satanael as the gardener is
puzzling. The pseudepigraphical texts usua ll y follow the biblical account [44 ]

that claims that the garden was plamed by God (Gen 2:8). [4] ; This motif of
the fallen "planter" might, therefore, parallel the Boo/, _of Giants_ _,_ where the
fallen angels are also depicted as gardeners.

_3._ In 3 _Baruch_ and in the Book _of Giants,_ the "planting of trees/tree"
is part of the angelic plot to corrupt the human race. In the _Book of Giants,_
the "gardeners" represented by fa llen angelic beings, "plant" bad "trees"the wicked offspring dlat, through their enormous appetites, brought many
disasters to the anted iluvian generation. In _3_ Bar. 4, the "gardener," the fallen

angel Satanael, also plants a tree designed to cause the fall and degradation
of the human race. In _3_ _Baruch,_ the vine tree eventually becomes the tool

through which Adam and Eve were deceived and corrupted.
4. The account in 3 _BanJ.ch_ con nects dle tree planted by Satanael
with the "sinft1l desire" spread by this fallen angel over the fi rst humans. In
4:8, the _angelus_ _interpres_ te lls Baruch that "in the first place, the tree was

the vine, but secondly, the tree (is) sinful des ire~ [6 ] which Satanael sp read
over Adam and Eve." [4] i This referen.ce ro the "sinful desire" of the fallen

angel over humans is intriguing since it alludes to the terminology fo und
in Enochic tradition. Thus _1 En._ 6 says that the Watchers had sinful desire
for human creatures. [48 ] The _Midrash_ _of Shemhazai_ _and_ _Az.ael_ also uses the

term "evil desire" or "evil inclination" (Heb. Viii 1:!:::' ) in reference to the
relationships between the descended Watchers and the "daughters of man":


120 Dark Mirrors


Forthwith the Holy One allowed the _evil inclination_ (l71 i1 1::t,)
to rule over them, as soon as they descended. When they beheld
the daughters of man that they were beautiful, they began to
corrupt themselves with them, as it is said, "When the sons of
God saw the daughters of man," they could not restrain their
inclination. [49 ]


In the story from the _Midrash of Shemhazai and Azael,_ the evil desire of
the Watchers over humans seems to come as consequence of the Watchers'
disrespect for humanity in general and the first human creature in particular. ;o

It is intriguing that some Russian manuscripts of _3 Baruch_ contain the passage
about Satanael's refusal to venerate Adam, [51 ] which recalls the account
found in the Midrash 1- 4. [52 ] Harry Gaylord, however, does not include this
account in his English translation of the Slavonic version of 3 _Baruch_ in
OTP, considering it to be a later interpolation.
5. Finally, 3 _Bar._ 4:7 refers to five kinds of trees. The text says that the
olive tree was planted by Michael, the apple by Gabriel, the nut by Uriel,
the melon by Raphael, and the vine by Satanael. Although the number of
the principal angels seems unusual, the reference to the "five trees" excites
interest in light of a passage found among the fragments of the Manichean
_Book of Giants_ published by Henning. This fragment, similar to 3 _Baruch_ 4:7,
also operated with the notion of the "five trees": "evil-intentioned ... from
where ... he came. The Misguided fail to recognize the five elements, [d1e
five kinds of] trees, d1e five (kinds of) animals" (frg. h). [53 ]

In both Enochic and Adamic accounts, the flooded garden is depicted
as a place where the drama of the primeval evil unfolds. lt has been already

mentioned in our study that Enochic and Adamic traditions often compete
with each other, offering different explanations of the origin of evil in d1e

world. Despite apparent differences in these two mythologies of evil, they
share many common details that reveal a persistent and strenuous polemic
between the two traditions. The description in 3 _Bar._ 4 of the flooded garden
as the arena of the primordial heavenly rebellion involving angelic beings
of d1e highest status brings the two traditions closer together.


The Flood in the Garden (3 Baruch 4: 1 0-11)


In 3 _Baruch_ 4:8, the angel tells the visionary about d1e evil role d1e vine

u·ee played in Satanael's deception of Adam and Eve. According to d1e story,
God, as a result of this deception, cursed the vine and its seed. Upon hearing
this story, Baruch asked the angel why, despite God's curse, the vine can
still exist. The angel told Baruch about the flood in the heavenly garden.


The Flooded Arboretums 121


The story recounts that God first caused the flood upon the earth,
which led to the drowning of "every firstling," including 104,000 giants.
TI1en the water rose above the highest mountains and flooded d1e heavenly

garden. As God withdrew d1e water, "all that was blooming" was destroyed
except for one shoot from the vine. When the land appeared from the water,
Noah went out from his ark and discovered the vine lying on the ground.

Several points of this flood story resemble the account found in the
Book _of Giants,_ including the following details:


1. In _3 Bar._ 4:10 and in the Book _of Giants,_ d1e flooding of the
garden is paralleled to d1e flood on d1e earth.

2. In both traditions d1e destruction of all vegetation (in _3_

_Baruch-"all_ that was blooming") [54 ] in the garden "mirrors"
the destruction of all flesh and the giants on earth.

3. In both traditions the surviving "plant" from the flooded

garden is paralleled to the escape of Noah from the flood.


1. Later rabbinic materials sometimes operate with the notion of
two gardens: the celestial garden of Eden and the terrestrial garden. In _3_
_En._ 5:5-6 we learn d1at before the generation of Enosh had sinned, God's
_Shekhinah_ freely traveled from one garden to the other:


When the Holy One, blessed be he, went out and in from the
garden to Eden, and from Eden to the garden, from the garden

to heaven, and from heaven to the garden of Eden, all gazed at
the bright image of Shekhinah and were unharmed- until the
coming of the generation of Enosh, who was d1e chief of all the
idolaters in the world. [55 ]


The story of the garden in _3 Bar._ 4 might represent an early tradition
about the two gardens, since in this apocalypse the garden becomes the

locus of celestial and terrestrial events at the same time. In the story of the
flood in _3 Bar._ 4:10- 11, the events taking place in heaven and on earth are
depicted as if they mirror each other: the destruction of "all flesh," including
the giants on earth, mirrors the destruction of "all that was blooming" in
the heavenly garden. Both accounts also mention survivors, the patriarch
Noah from the flooded eard1 and one plant from d1e flooded heavenly
garden. This parallelism resembles the one in the Book _of Giants,_ where
the dream(s) about the destroyed "vegetation" of the garden and the single
preserved shoot symbolized the drowned giants and Noah's miraculous escape.


122 Dark Mirrors


2. As we mentioned above, in the Enochic traditions the fallen
angels and their offspring are often depicted through arboreal imagery. CD
2:17-19 refers to the giants as tall cedars. 5 [6 ] The _Book of Giants_ supports this
tendency: in the Manichean fragments of this composition, the Watchers
are unambiguously associated with the treesn T he _Midrash_ _of_ _Shemhazai_
and _Azael_ also seems to take dle vegetation of the garden as a symbol of

the Watchers/Gian ts group. This correspondence is made not directly but
through parallelism. In the _Midrash,_ Shemhazai's statement about the flood
on earth follows immediately after Hiyya's dream about the destruction of
the trees. The two events seem to "m irror" each other in such a way th at
the first depicts the second symbolically.
_3 Bar._ 4:10 follows the same pattern, portraying the destruction of "all
flesh" and the giants on earth and the destruction of"all that was blooming"

in the heavenly garden as two "mirroring" processes taking place in the
celestial and terrestrial realms. The sim ilarities between the descriptions

in 3 _Bar._ 4 and those of the _Book_ _of Giants_ seem not to be coinc idental.
In addition, the description of "all flesh" in 3 _Bar._ 4:10 includes a direct
reference tO the drowned giants. [58 ]

3. The next is the identification of Noah with dle "escaped plant." In
the _Midrash_ _of'_ _Shemhazai_ _and_ _Azael,_ the giant Hiyya beholds in his dream
one tree with three branches that survived the destruction of the garden.
The text states that "an angel (was seen by him) descending from the

firmament with an axe in h is hand, and he was cutting down all trees, so
dlat there remained only one tree containing three branches." [59 ] A verse later,
the sto ry switches to Noah [60 ] and his three sons: [61 ] "He (Shemhazai) said to
them (Hiwwa and Hiyya): 'The Holy One is about to bring a flood upon
the world, and tO destroy it, so that there will remain but one man and his
three sons."' [62 ] In the Midrash IOb- Ila, the reference to Noah and h is three
sons enduring the Flood follows immediately after the symbolic depiction of

the tree with three branches surviving the destruction. A lthough the _Midrash_
does not directly identify the tree with Noah, it makes the identification
obvious by correlating these two descriptions.
The same correlation is seen in _3_ _Bar._ 4:10b-ll, where the reference

to Noah and his escape follows immediately after the statement about the
preserved shoot: "(A]nd the water entered into the garden, (and took all that

was blooming), bringing out one shoot from the vine as God withdrew the
waters. And there was dry land, and Noah went out from the ark." [63 ] It is
important, however, that the escaped "tree," which in the Book _of Giancs_ was
associated with the righteous remnant, becomes associated in _3 Baruch_ with
the evil deception. This difference might point tO the polemical character
of 3 Baruch's appropriation of Enochic imagery.


The Flooded Arboretums 123


The Noachic Narrative (3 Baruch 4: 11-1 5)


_3_ _Bar._ 4:11-1.5 deals with Noah's story. It depicts the patriarch after his
debarkation seeing the shoot of vine lying on the ground. Noah hesitates

tO plant the vine, knowing the fatal role this plant had in deceiving Adam
and Eve. Puzzled, Noah decides to ask the Lord in prayer if he can plant
the vine. The Lord sends dle angel Sarasael, who delivers to Noah the
following command: "Rise, Noah, and plant the vine, and alter its name
and change it for the berter." [64 ] Sarasael's address to Noah is important for
establishing the connection between _3_ _Baruch_ 4 and the broader Enochic/
Noachic traditions. It reveals that the author of _3_ _Baruch_ was familiar not
only with the details of Noah's escape from the flood that are found in

the extant materials of the _Book_ _of Giants_ but with the peculiar derails of
Noah's srory in the _Book_ _of the_ _Watchers_ and in the traditions associated
with the _Book_ _of Noah._

The Greek and Ethiopic versions of 1 En. I 0:1-3 attest dlat God
commissioned Sariel to info rm Noah about the approaching Flood. [6] ; This
story might possibly par'allel Sarasael's [66 ] revelation to Noah in _3_ _Bar._ 4:15,
but Sariel's revelation in _1_ En. 10:1- 3 does not contain any information
about the plant. It may be, however, that the "original" reading of _1_ En.
10:3 survived in its entirety not in the Ethiopic text of _1_ _Enoch_ but in the
text preserved by Syncellus, [67 ] which corresponds closely to the Aramaic
evidence. [68 ] In the passage found in Syncellus, God commissioned Sariel tO

tell Noah not only about his escape from the flood but also about a _plant:_
"And now instruct the righteous one what to do, and the son of Lamech,

that he may save his life and escape fo r all time; and from him a plant shall
be planted and established for all genemtions for ever." [69 ]

Although "a plant" in this revelation can be taken as a symbolic
reference to the restored humanity1° or Noah h imself, who is described in _1_
En. 10:16 as the "plant of righteousness and tnlth," some rex ts associated with
Enochic traditions reveal that besides "planting" justice and righteousness,
Noah was involved literally in the planting of the vine. Thus, _]ub._ 7: 1, for
example, says that "during dle seventh week, in its first year, in this jubilee
Noah planted a vine at the mountain (whose name was Lubar, one of the
mountains of Ararat) on which the ark had come to rest. It produced fruit
in the fourth yea r."il Here, just as in 3 _Bar._ 4:13-15, d1e planting of the
vine is associated with Noah's debarkation.

Noah's story as found in _3_ _Bar._ 4:1 1- 16 gives additional support to
the hypothesis about the existence of the materials associated with the _Book_
_of_ _Noah._ Florentino Garda Martinez's pioneering research [72 ] demonstrates
that the materials of the _Book_ _of Noah_ are closely associated wi th the


124 Da rk Mirrors


Enoch ic/Noachic traditions found in _l_ _Enoch,_ _Jub.,_ the Qumran materials,
and SyncellusY In _3_ Bar. 4 several traditions associated with the _Book_ _of_
_Noah_ appear to be intimately interconnected, which might point to their
possible common origin in the _Book of Noah._ For example, in _3 Bar._ 4: 15- 17,
Sarasael tells Noah about the dange rs of the vine. The angel tells him that

d1e plant still retains its evil. This re\•elation about the plant and the evil
it possesses recalls ano ther passage possibly associated wi th the _Book_ _of_
_Noah,_ namely, the tradition about the angelic revelation to Noah recorded
in _Jttb_ _._ 10:1- 14, wh ich h as it d1at Noah was taught by angels about the
plan ts and evil spirits. [14 ]


Conclusion


The foregoing analysis has demonstrated a number of intriguing parallels
between the theme of the garden in _3 Bar._ 4 and similar traditions associated
with me materials of the _Book_ _of_ Giants. [15 ] In both accounts, the garden is
depicted as the place of the primordial heavenly rebellion involving angelic
being(s). A lthough _3_ _Bar._ 4 is written from the Adamic perspective, d1 is
account demonstrates several details that are absent in "traditional" Adamic
accounts bm can be found in the Enochic lore. This suggests that the
author of _3 Bawch_ might be involved in anti-Enochic polemics borrowing
and rewriting Enochic motifs and themes from the Ada mic perspective.
Therefore, the narrative of the planting and the destruction of the garden

in _3_ _Baruch_ seems to represent the locus of intense debates involving
substantial rew riting of the "original" Enochic/Noachic motifs and themes.
T he details of the Enochic Watchers/Giants srory appear to be rearranged [76 ]

and transferred to new characters of the Adamic sto ry, including Samael/
Satanael and the serpent. [71 ]

The author of _3 Baruch_ seems to be engaged in anti-Enochic polemics,
not only with the traditions associated with the _Book of Giants_ bur also with
the Enochic motifs and themes found .in the _Book of the_ _Watchers,_ the _Booi<_
_of Jubilees,_ and Syncellus. It appears that even the theme of d1e flooding
of the heavenly garden represents an anti-Enochic motif. _jubilees_ 4 depicts

Enoch as the one who was translated ro the garden of Eden. _]ub._ 4:23 further
claims d1at because of Enoch "the flood water did not come on any of the

land of Eden because he was placed there as a sign and _w_ testify against all
people in order to tell all the deeds of history until the day of judgment." [78 ]

A substantial pan of _3 Bar._ 4 is occupied by the Noachic account and
the Noachic tradition found in _3 Bar._ 4 is closely connected with the fragments
of the _Book of Noah_ found in 1 _Enoch,_ _Jubilees,_ the Qumran fragments, and
Syncellus. It appears, however, th at the Noachic materials found in _3_ _Bar._


**The** Flooded Arboretums 125


4 have also undergone the "Adamic" revisions. Harry Gaylord observes
th at "a strong typological relation is set up between Adam and Noah, who
discovers a piece of the vine through. which Adam and Eve sinned washed
om of the garden by the receding floodwaters." [19 ]


**Notes**


Introduction


I. On the temporal and spatial symme.try in the Jewish apocalyptic literature,
see J. M. Scott, On _Earth_ _a.<_ in _Heaven:_ _The_ _Rescoracion_ _of Sacred_ _Time and_ _Sacred_
Space in _the_ _Book_ _ofl_ _ubilees_ (JSJSS, 91; Leiden: Brill, 2005), 212-19.
2. _Scott, On_ _Ecn·th_ _as_ in _Heaven,_ 212. In his other book james Scott noted
that "the juxtaposition of _U,-zeit_ and E11dz_cit- the beginn ing of the nations and their
cataclysmic end-occurs not on ly in Jubilees S-9 itself, but also in Dan. 12: 1 and

the War Rule." ). M. Scott, _Oeogra{>hy_ i11 _Early_ _judaism_ and _Christianity: The_ _Book_
_of_ ./~<bilees (SNTSMS, 113; Ca mbridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 227.
O n _Urzeir/Endz;eit_ typology, especia lly in the Noachic materials, see also G. W. E.
Nickelsburg, "Patriarchs Who Worry About Their Wives: A Haggadic Tendency in
the Genesis Apocryphon," in _Biblical_ _Perspectives:_ _Early_ Use _and_ _Interpretation of the_
_Bible_ in _Light of the_ _Dead Sea Scrolls_ (ed. M. E. Stone and E. G . Chazon; STDJ, 28;
Le iden: Bri ll, 1998), 137-58 at 142-43; D. Dimant, "Noah in Early Jewish Literature,''
in _Biblical_ Figures _O wside_ _rhe_ _Bible_ (ed. M. E. Stone and T. A. Bergren; Harrisburg,
PA: Trin ity Pn•,ss International, 1998), !23- 50 at 135-36, 141.

3. On the symmetry of the protological and eschatological aeons in 2 _Enoch,_
see A . Orkw, "The Pillar of the World: T he Eschato logical Role of the Seventh

Antediluvian Hero in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch," Henoch 30.1 (2008): ll 9-35.
4. On the imagery of Jesus as the new Moses, see D. A llison, The New
_Moses:_ A _Marrhetnt Typology_ (M in neapolis: Fortress Press, 1993).

5. Scott, On _Earrh_ _as_ _in Heaven,_ 217.
6. Cf. Exocl 25:8-40: "And let them make me a sanctuary, that I may elwe ll in
their midst. According to :Jll that I show you concerning the pattern of the tabernacle,
and of a ll its furniture, so you shall make it .... And see that you make them after

the pa ttern for them, which is being shown you on the mountain." (RSV); I C hr
28:11-19: "Then David gave Solomon his son che plan of the vestibule of the temple,
and of its houses, its treasuries, its upper rooms, and its inner chambers, and of the

r~'om for the mercy seat . . . . All t his he made clear by the writing from the hand
of the Lord concerning it, all the work to be done according to the plan." (RSV);
Heb 8:5: "They serve a copy and shadow of the heavenly sanctuary; for when Moses
was about to erect the rent, he was instructed by God, saying, 'See that you make
everyd1ing according to the pattern which was shown you on the mountain.'" (RSV).


127


128 Notes to Introduction


7. Scott, O n _Earfh as_ in _Heaven,_ 2 17.
8. Cf. Ezek 1; _1_ En. 14:9- 18; _Apoc. A_ _b._
9. On the angelology of the _Book_ _of j ubilees,_ see R. H. Charles, _The_ _Bool<_
_of_ .Jubilees _or_ _the_ Little Genesis (London: Black, 1902), lvi- lviii; M. Testuz, Les idees
_religieuscs_ _du_ livre _des_ _]ubiles_ {Geneva: Droz, 1960), 75-92; K. Berger, _Das_ _Buch_ _der_
_}ubilaen_ (JSHRZ, 1!.3; Giitersloh: Giitersloher Verlaghaus Gerd Nohn, 1981 ), 322-24;

D. Dinumt, "The Sons of Heaven: The Theory of the Angels in the Book of Jubilees
in Light of the Writings of the Qumran Community," in A Tribute _to_ _Saralt_ _: Studies_
in _Jewish_ _Philosophy_ and _Cabala_ _Presented_ _to_ _Professor_ _Sara_ A. _Heller-Wilensl<y_ {ed.

M. (del, D. Dimant, and S. Rosenberg; Jerusalem: Mag nes, 1994), 97-118 [in
Hebrew]; J. VanderKam, 'The Angel of the Presence in che Book of j ub ilees," _DSD_
7 (2000): 378-93; H. Najman, "Angels at Sinai: Exegesis, Theology and Interpretive
Authority," DSD 7 (2000) 313-33.

10. On this tradition, see A. O rlov, "Moses' Heavenly Counte rpart in the
Book of Jubilees and the Exagoge of Ezekie l the Tragedian," Bib 88 (2007): 153-73.

11. See J. VanderKam, "Righteous One, Messiah, C hosen O ne, and Son
of Man in I Enoch 37- 71," in The Messiah: Development~ in Earliest _judaism_ and
Christianit)'· The First P>inceton _Sym{)osium_ on _.Judaism and_ Christian Origins ( ed. J. H.
C harlesworth; Minneapolis: Fortre.ss, 1992), 182-83; M. Knibb, "Messian ism in the

Pseudepigrapha in the Light of the Scrolls," DSD 2 (1995): 177- 80; J. Fossum, _The_
_Image of the_ _Invisible_ God: _Essays on rhe_ Influence _of Jewish_ Mysticism on _Early ChTistology_
(NTOA, 30; Fribourg: Universir.iirsverlag h eiburg Sch we iz; Goctingen: Vanderhoeck
und Ruprecht, 1995, 144- 45; C. H. T. Fletcher-Louis, _Luke-Acts: Angels,_ _Chrisrology_
_and Soteriology_ (WUNT, 2.94; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1997), 15 1; A. _Orlov,_ "The

Face as the Heavenly Counterpart of the Visionary in the Slavonic Ladder of Jacob,"
in _Of_ Se>ibes _and Sages:_ _Early_ _./etvish_ lnterpreta!ion _and_ Transmission _of_ Scripture (2
vo ls.; eel. C. A. Evans; SSEJC, 9; London: T & T Clark, 2004), 2.59- 76.

12. VanderKam, "Righteou.s One, Mess iah, Chosen One, and Son of Man in
I Enoch 37- 71," 182-83.

13. One of the specimens of this tradition can be found in the _Prayer of.loseph_
and in the targumic elaborations of the stOry of the patriarch Jacob that depict his

heavenly identity as his "image" engraved on the Throne of Glory. The traditions
abOtlt the heavenly "image" of Jacob are present in several 1:a.rgumic texts, including
_Tg._ _Ps_ _.-]., Tg._ Ncof., and _Frg._ _Tg._ Thus, for example, in _Tg._ Ps.-.1. to Gen 28:12 the
following description can be found: "He [J acob) had a dream, and behold, a ladder
was fixed in the earth with its tOp reaching toward th<t heavens . .. and on that
day they (angels) ascended to the heavens on high, and said, Come and see Jacob

the pious, whose image is fixed (engraved} in the Throne of G lory, and whom you
have desired to see." _Tin·gum Pseudo-./ona.than:_ Genesis (tr. M. Maher, M.S.C.; ArBib,

IB; Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992), 99-100. _Tg._ _Neof._ and _Frg._ _Tg._ also affirm
this tradition of the heavenly double of Jacob: _Tg._ _Neof.:_ "And he dreamed, and
behold, a ladder was fixed on the earth and its head reached to the height of the
heavens; and behold, the ange ls that had accompanied him from the house of his
father ascended to bear good tidings _w_ the ange ls on high, saying: 'Come and see
the pious man whose image is engraved in the throne of Glory, whom you desired
to s<'e.' And behold, the angels from befove the Lord ascended and descended and


Notes to Introduction 129



observed him." _Targum_ _Neofiti_ _1:_ Genesis (tr. M. McNamara, M.S.C.; ArBib, lA;
Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992), 140; _Frg._ Tg.: "And he dreamt that there was
a ladder set on the ground, whose top reached towards the heavens; and behold the
angels chat had accompanied him from his father's house ascended to announce to
the angels of the heights: 'Come and see the pious man, whose image is fixed to
the throne of glory.'" M. L. Klein, _The_ _Fragment-Targums_ _of the_ _Pentateuch_ _According_
to _Their_ _Extant_ _Sources_ (2 vols.; AnBib, 76; Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1980),



1.57 and 2.20.



14. VanderKam, "Righteous One, Messiah, Chosen One, and Son of Man in
1 Enoch 37- 71," 182- 83.

15. Thus, for example, John Collins draws his attention to a cluster of peculiar
symmetrical depictions repeatedly found in the second part of the _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham,_ in which humankind is divided into two parts, half on the right and half
on the left, representing respectively the chosen people and the Gentiles. These
portions of humanity are labeled in the text as the lot of God and the lot of Azazel.
Collins argues that "the symmetrical division suggests a dualistic view of the world."
J. Collins, _The Apocal)•pcic_ Imagination: _An Introduction to jewish_ _Apocalyptic Literature_



(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 229.



16. See A Orlov, '"The Likeness of Heaven': _Kavod_ of Azazel in d1e _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham,"_ in this volume.

17. In this aspect the symmetry of "heroes" and their negative "counterparts"
or "opponents" might be rooted in the symmetry of the sacred space where not only

the earth "mirrors" heaven, but also the underworld represents a sort of distorted
"reflection" of heaven.

18. Cf. _2 En._ 22.
19. Cf. I _En._ 86:1-4.
20. On Satan and Satan's traditions, see: G. Anderson, "The Exaltation of
Adam and the Fall of Satan," in _Literat:ure_ _on_ _Adam_ _and_ _Eve._ _Collected_ _Essa)•S_ (ed.
G. Anderson et al.; SVTP, 15; Brill: Leiden, 2000), 83-1 10; C. Breytenbach and
P. L. Day, "Satan," in _Dictionary_ _of Deities_ _and_ Demons in _the_ _Bible_ (ed. K. van der
Toorn et al.; Leiden: Brill, 1995), 726-32; _]._ Dan, "Samael and the Problem of
Jewish Gnosticism," in _Perspectives_ on Jewish _Thought_ _and_ _Mysticism_ (ed. A L. lvry,

E. R. Wolfson, and A Arkush; Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998),
257-76; P. L. Day, An _Adversary_ in Heaven: _Satan_ in _the_ _Hebrew_ _Bible_ (HSM, 43;
Atlanta: Scholars, 1988); N. Forsyth, _The_ _Old_ Enemy: _Satan_ _and_ _the_ _Combat_ _Myth_

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987); H. E. Gaylord, "How Satanael Lost
His '-el,' _"]]S_ 33 (1982): 303-309; V. P. Hamilton, "Satan," in _Anchor Bible Dictionary_
(6 vols.; ed. D. N. Freedman; New York: Doubleday, 1992), 5.985- 98; H. A. Kelly,
_Towards_ _the_ _Death of_ Satan: _The Growth and_ _Decl.ine of Christian_ _Demonology_ (London:
Chapman, 1968); idem, _Satan:_ A _Biography_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006); R. S. Kluger, _Satan_ in _the_ _Old_ _Testament_ (S)T, 7; Evanston: Noriliwestern
University Press, 1967); A Lods, "Les origines de Ia figure de Satan, ses fonctions
a Ia cour celeste," in _Melanges_ _syriens_ _offerts_ _a Monsieur_ Rene _Dussaud_ (2 vols.; eds.
_].-A._ Blanchet et al.; Paris: P. Geuthner, 1939), 2.649-60; C. A Patrides, "The
Salvation of Satan," _]HI_ 28 (1967): 467-78; E. H. Pagels, 'The Social History of
Satan, the 'Intimate Enemy': A Preliminary Sketch,'' HTR 84.2 (1991): 105-28;


130 Notes to Introduction


idem, "The Social History of Satan, 2: Sata n in the New Testament Gospels,"
]AA.R 62.1 (1994): 17-58; idem, _T he Origin_ _of Satan_ (New York: Vintage Books,

'1 996); idem, "The Social H istory of Satan, 3: John of Patmos and Ignatius of
Antioch: Contrasting Visions of 'God's People,"' HTR 99 (2006): 487- 505; J. B.

Russell, _Saum: The_ _Early Christian_ _Tradition_ (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981);
M. Schneider, "The Myth of the Satan in the _Book_ _of Bahir,"_ _Kabbalah_ 20 (2009):
287- 343 [in Hebrew); R. Stichel, "Die Verfiihnmg der Stammeltern durch Satanael
nach der Kurzfassung der slavischen Baruch-Apocalypse," in _Kulrurelle_ Traditi.onen _in_
Bu/g)lrien (ed. R. Lauer and P. Sch reiner; AAWG, 177; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck &
Ruprech t, 1989}, 116-28; M. E. Stone, Adam's Contract _with Satan._ _Tlte_ _Legend_ _of_
_the Cheirograf>h_ _of_ Adam (B loomingron: Ind iana Universit)' Press, 2002); idem," 'Be
You a Lyre for Me': Identity or Manipulation in Eden," _T he_ _Exegetical_ _Encounter_
between./cws _and Christians_ in Late _Antiquity_ (ed. E. Grypeou and **H.** Spurling; JC PS,

'1 8; Le iden: Brill, 2009}, 87-99.
21. T he Latin Vita tells the following story;" '0 Adam, all my enmity, jealousy,
and resencmenc is cowa rd~ you, since on account of you l was expe lled and alienated

from my glory, which l had in heaven in the midst of the angels. Then the Lord God
grew angry wi th me and sent me forth with my angels from our glory. On account
of you we were expelled from our dwelling into this world and cast out upon the
earth. Immediately we were in grief, since we had been despoiled of so much glory,
and we grieved to see you in such a great happiness of delights.' " A _Synopsis_ _of_

_the_ _Books_ _of .A.dctm_ _and_ _Eve._ _Second Revised_ _Edition_ (ed. G. A. Anderson and M. E.
Stone; **EJL,** 17; A tlanta: Scholars, 1999}, 15- ISE.

22. "For behold, the garment which in heaven was formerly yours has been set
aside for him, :md the corruption which was on him has gone over to you" (Apoc.
_Ab._ 13:7- 14). A. Kulik, Rerroverting Slavonic _Pseudepigraplta:_ _Toward_ the OriginaL _of_
_the Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ (TCS, 3; A tlanta: Scholars, 2004), 20.

23. Targumic t!"adition might also reflect this situation of the transference of the
attributes and conditions benveen the proroplast(s) and their prom log ical opponent(s}
when it says that God d othed Adam and Eve with the luminous garments of their
Seducer. In _Tg._ _Ps_ _.-]._ on Gen 3:21 the following tradition can be found: "And the

Lord God made gamtents _of glory_ for Adam and for his wife from the skin which
the serpent had cast off (to be worn) on the skin of their (g<'rments of} fmgernuils
of which they had been stripped, and he clothed them." _Targum_ _Pseudo-Jonathan:_
Genesis (tr. M. Maher, M.S.C.; A rBib, IB; Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992}, 29.

24. On early Jewish demonology, see W. M. A lexander, _Demonic_ _Possession_ in
the _New_ Testament: Its _Historical,_ _Medical and Theological_ Aspects (Grand Rapids: Baker,
1980}; P. S. A lexander, "The Demonology of the Dead Sea Scrolls," in _The_ _Dend_
_Sea Scrolls aft·er_ _Fifty_ _Years_ _:_ A Com{)rehemive Asses>~nent (2 vols.; ed. P. W. Flint and
J. C. VanderKam; Leiden: Brill, 1999), 2.33 1- 53 ; C. Auffarth and L. T. Stuckenbruck
(eels.), _The_ _Fall_ _of_ _the Angels_ (TBN, 6; Le iden: Brill, 2004}; B. J. Bamberger, _Fallen_
_Angels:_ _Soldiers_ _of Saran's Realm_ (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 19.52);
G. A. Barton, "TI)e Or igin of the Names of Angels and Demons in the Extra-Canonical

Apoc<llyptic Lirermure," JBL 31 (1912}: 156- 67; D. Ben-Amos, "On Demons," in
_Creation and_ _Re-Creation_ in _]e•.vish Thought:_ _Festschrift_ in Honor _of Joseph_ _Dan_ on. _the_


Notes to Introduction 131


_Occasion_ _of_ His _Seventieth_ _Birthday_ (ed. R. Elior and P Schafer; Tubingen: Mohr/
Siebeck, 2005), 27-37; J. M. Blair, _De-Demonising the_ Old _Testament: An Investigation_
_of Azazel,_ _Lili.th,_ _Deber,_ _Qeteb and_ _Reshef in_ _the_ _Hebrew_ _Bible_ (FAT, 2.37; Tiibingen:
Mohr/Siebeck, 2009); 0. Bocher, _Damonenfurcht und_ _Damonenabwehr:_ _Ein Beitrag zur_
_Vorgeschiclue der christlichen Taufe_ (BWANT, 90; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1970); idem,
_Das_ _Neue_ Testament _und_ die _diimonischen_ _Miichte_ (SBS, 58; Stuttgan: KBW, 1972);
idem, _Christus_ _Exorcista:_ _Diimonismus_ _und Taufe_ im _Neuen_ _Testament_ (BWANT, 96;
Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1972); W. Carr, _Angels_ _and_ _Principalities:_ _The_ _Background,_
_Meaning and_ _Development_ _of_ tlte _Pauline_ _Phrase_ _hai_ _archai_ _kai_ _hai_ exousiai (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981); F. C. Conybeare, "The Demonology of the NT,"
_JQR_ 8 ( 1896): 576-608; D. Dimant, _The Fallen Angels_ in _the Dead Sea Scrolls and_ in tlte
_Apocr)'Piwl and_ _Pseudepigraphic_ _Books_ _Related_ _to_ _Them_ (PhD diss.; Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, 1974) [in Hebrew); J. Dochhorn, "The Motif of the Angels' Fall in
Eady Judaism," in _Angels:_ _The_ _Concept_ _of Celestial_ _Beings-_ _Origins,_ _Development and_
_Reception_ ( ed. F. V. Reiterer, T. Nicklas, and K. Schopflin; Deuterocanonical and
Cognate Literature: Yearbook 2007; Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2007), 477-95;

H. Duhm, Die _bosen_ _Geister_ im _Alten Testament_ (Ti.ibingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1904); S.
Eitrem, Some _Notes_ on _the_ _Demonology_ _of tlte_ _New Testament_ (SO, 20; 2nd ed.; Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget, 1966); 0. Everling, Die _paulinische Angelologie_ _und Diimonologie:_
Ein _biblisch-theologischer_ _Versuch_ ( Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988);
E. Ferguson, _Demonology_ _of_ tlte _Early_ _Christian_ _World_ (Symposium Series, 12; New
York: Edwin Mellen, 1984); }. _G._ Gammie, "The Angelology and Demonology in the
Septuagint of the Book of}ob," _HUCA_ 56 (1985): 1-19; H. Kaupel, _Die Diimonen im_

_Alten_ Testament (Augsberg: Benno Filser, 1930); H. B. Kuhn, "The Angelo logy of the
Non-Canonical Jewish Apocalypses," _JBL_ 67 (1948): 217- 32; L. Jung, _Fallen_ _Angels_
in _.Jewish,_ _Christian,_ _and. Mohammedan_ _Literature_ (Philadelphia: Dropsie College for
Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1926); A. Lange, H. Lichtenberger, and D. Romheld
(eds.), _Die_ _Damonen:_ Die _Damonologie_ _der_ _israelitisch-judischen_ _und_ _frnhchristl.ichen_
_Literatur_ im _Kontext_ _ihrer_ _Umwelt_ / _Demons:_ _The_ _Demonology_ _of lsrealite-}ewish and_
_Early_ _Christian_ _Literature_ _in_ _tlte_ _Context of_ its _Environment_ (TLibingen: Mohr/Siebeck,
2003); E. Langton, _Essentials_ _of Demonology:_ A _Study of Jewish and Christian_ Doctrine,
_its_ Origin _and_ _Development_ (London: Epworth, 1949); J. Y. Lee, "Interpreting the
Demonic Powers in Pauline Thought," _NT_ 12 (1970): 54-69; L. J. Lietaert Peerbolte,
_The_ _Antecedents of_ Antichrist: A Traditio-Historical _Study_ _of the_ _Earliest Christian_ Views
_on_ _Eschatological_ _Opponents_ (JSJSS, 49; Leiden: Brill, 1996); B. Lincoln, "Ce~mag,

the Lie, and the Logic of Zowastrian Demonology," _}AOS_ 129 (2009): 45- 55;
P. Lory, "Sexual Intercourse between Humans and Demons in the Islamic Tradition,"
in _Hidden_ _Intercourse:_ Eros _and_ _Sexuality_ in _tlte_ _History_ _of Westem_ Esotericism (ed.
W. J. Hanegraaff and J. _)._ Kripal; Aries, 7; Leiden: Brill, 2008), 49-64; J. Lyons and
A. Reimer, ''The Demonic Virus and Qumran Studies: Some Preventative Measu res,"
_DSD_ 5 (1998): 16- 32; J. Maier, "Geister (Damonen), B.III.d. Talmudisches )udentum,"

in _Reallexikon fur_ _Anrike_ _und_ _Christentum_ (23 vols.; ed. T. Klauser; Stuttgart: Anton
Hiersemann, 1976), 9.668- 88; C. Martone, "Evil or Devil ? Belial between the Bible
and Qumran," _Henoch_ 26 (2004): 115- 27; C. Molenberg, "A Study of the Roles
of Shemihaza and Asael in 1 Enoch 6-11," _]S]_ 35 (1984): 136-46; T. Mullen, _The_


132 Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven"


_Assembly_ _of the_ _Gods:_ _The_ _Divine_ _Council_ _in_ _Canaanite_ _and_ Earl)' _Hebrew_ _Literature_

(HSM, 24; Chico: Scholars, 1980); G. Necker, "Fallen Angels in the _Book of Life,"_
_]SQ_ 11 (2004): 73--82; A. Pinero, "Angels and Demons in the Greek _Life_ _of Adam_
_and_ _Eve,"_ _]S]_ 24 (1993): 191- 214; A. Y. Reed, "The Trickery of the Fallen Angels
and the Demonic Mimesis of the Divine: Etiology, Demonology, and Polemics in the
Wdtings of Justin Martyr." _]ECS_ 12 (2004): 141-7 1; A. M. Reimer, "Rescuing the
Fallen Angels: The Case of the Disappearing Angels at Qumran," _DSD_ 7 (2000):
334- 53; _]._ B. Russell, _The_ _Devil._ _Perceptions_ _from_ Antiquity _to_ Primitive _Christianity_

{Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977); H. Schlier, _Principalities_ _and_ Powers _in_ _the_
New _Testament_ (QD, 3; New York: Herder and Herder, 1961); _)._ Z. Smith, "Towards
Interpreting Demonic Powers in Hellenistic and Roman Antiquity," _ANRW_ 2.16.1
(1978): 425-39; E. Sorensen, _Possession_ _and_ _Exorcism_ _in_ _the_ New _Testament_ _and_ _Early_
_Christianir:y_ (WUNT, 2.157; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 2002); M. A. Williams, "The
Demonizing of the Demiurge: The Innovation of Gnostic Myth," in _Innovation_ _in_
_Religious Traditions:_ _Essays_ _in_ _the Interpretation of Religious Change_ ( ed. M. A. Williams,

C. Cox, and M. S. Jaffee; ReiSoc, 31; Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1992), 73- 107;
A. T. Wright, _The Origin of the_ _Evil_ _Spirits:_ _The Reception_ _of Genesis_ _6.1-4_ _in_ _Early_
_jewish_ _Literature_ (WUNT, 2.198; Tubingen: Mohr/ Siebeck, 2005); idem, "Some

Observations of Philo's _De_ _Gigantibus_ and Evil Spirits in Second Temple Judaism,"
_JSJ_ 36 (2005): 471-88.

25. On the subject of two mythologies of evil see M. Stone, "The Axis of History
at Qumran," in _Pseudepigraphic_ _Perspectives:_ _The_ _Apocrypha and the_ _Pseudepigrapha in_
_Light of the_ _Dead Sea Scrolls_ (ed. E. Chazon and M. E. Stone; STDJ, 31; Leiden: Brill,

1999), 133-49 at 144-49; K. Coblentz Bautch, "Adamic Traditions in the Parables?
A Query on 1 Enoch 69:6," in _Enoch_ _and the_ _Messiah_ Son _of_ Man: _Revisiting the Book_
_of Parables_ (ed. G. Boccaccini; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007), 352-60; J. Reeves,
_Sefer_ _'Uzza_ _Wa-c Aza( z)el:_ _Exploring_ _Early_ _Jewish_ _Mythologies_ _of Evil_ (forthcoming).


"The Likeness of Heaven"



1. _Apoc. Ab._ 14:13 reads: "Since God gave him [Azazel] the _heaviness_
(THfOToy) and d1e will against those who answer him." R. Rubinkiewicz, _I.:_ _Apocalypse_

'
_d'Abraham_ en _vieux slave._ Introduction, texte _critique, traduction et commentaire_ (ZM, 129;



Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1987), 150.



2. Rubinkiewicz points to the presence of the formulae in the Gospel of
Luke 4:6 "I will give you all their authority and splendor."

3. Rubinkiewicz provides a helpful outline of usage of Ezekielean traditions in
the _Apocalypse of Abraham._ He notes that "among the prophetic books, the book of
Ezekiel plays for our author the same role as Genesis in the Pentateuch. The vision
of the divine throne _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 18) is inspired by Ezek 1 and 10. Abraham sees
d1e four living creatures _(Apoc. Ab._ 18:5- 11) depicted in Ezek 1 and 10. l-Ie also
sees the wheels of ftre decorated with eyes all around _(Apoc_ _. Ab._ 18:3), the d1rone

_(Apoc._ _Ab._ 18:3; Ezek 1:26), the chariot _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 18:12 and Ezek 10:6); he hears
the voice of God _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 19:1 and Ezek I :28). When the cloud of fire raises up,
he can hear 'the voice like the roaring sea' _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 18:1; Ezek 1:24). There is no


Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven" 133



doubt that the author of the _Apocalypse of Abmham_ takes the texts of Ezek 1 and 10
as sources of inspiration." Rubinkiewicz, _L'Apocalypse d'Abraham_ en _vieux_ _slave,_ 87.

4. Cf. Collins, _The_ _Apocalyptic_ _Imagination,_ 229.
5. _Jewish_ Writings _of_ _the_ _Second_ _Temple_ Pe-riod: _ApocT)•pha,_ _PseudeJ)igrapha,_
_Qumran_ _Sectarian_ _Writings,_ _Philo,_ _Josephus_ (ed. M. E. Stone; CRINT, 2.2; Assen:



Van Gorcum, 1984), 418.



6. Stone, _jewish_ Writings _of_ rl~e _Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigraplw,_
_Qumran_ _Sectarian_ _Writings,_ _Philo,_ _Josephus,_ 418. Stone further makes a connection
here between dualistic tendencies found in _Apoc. Ab._ and the traditions from the
Qumran documents. He observes that "the idea of joint rule of Azazel and God in

this world resembles the doctrine of d1e Rule of Community, according to which
mere are two powers God appointed to rule in the world (cf. 1QS 2:20-1}." Stone,
_Jewish_ Writing _of the Second Temple Period:_ _Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran Sectarian_

Writings, _Philo,_ _Josephus,_ 418. It should be noted that the connections between the
dualism of me Slavonic apocalypse and the Palestinian dualistic traditions have
been recognized by several scholars. Already Box, long before the discovery of the

DSS, argued th at the dualistic features of the Slavonic apocalypse are reminiscent
of the "Essene" dualistic ideology. Thus, Box suggested that "the book is essentially
Jewish, and there are features in it which suggest Essene origin; such are its strong
predestinarian doctrine, _its dualistic conceptions,_ and its ascetic tendencies." G. H. Box
and J. l. Landsman, _The_ _Apocalypse_ _of Abmham._ _Edi.ted,_ wirl1 _a Translation_ _from_ _the_
_Slavonic Text_ _and_ _Notes_ (TED, 1.10; London, New York: The Macmillan Company,
1918), xxi.
7. Collins, _The_ _Apoca.lyptic_ _I magi nation,_ 229.
8. Ibid.
9. "In the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ there is no ontological dualism. T he created
world is good before the eyes of God (22:2). There is no other God in the universe,
than 'me one whom' Abraham 'searched for' and 'who has loved' him (19:3). There is
evil in the world, but it is not inevitable. God has fu ll control over the world and he
does not permit the body of the just to remain in the hand of Azazel (13:10). Azazel
is wrong if he thinks he can scorn justice and disperse the secret of heaven (14:4).
He will be banished in the desert forever (14:5)." R. Rubinkiewicz, "Apocalypse of
Abraham," _The_ _Old Testament_ _Pseudepigrapha_ (2 vols.; ed. _]._ H. Charlesworth; New
York: Doubleday, 1983-85), 1.681-705 at 1.684.

10. He observes that "dans !'Apocalypse d'Abraham il n'y a pas trace d' un
dualisme absolu .... Mais le monde revele uncertain dualisme. D'abord on decouvre

un dualisme spati al. II y a Ia terre et !'Eden, Ia mer et les eaux superieures, les hommes
situes a gauche et les hommes situes a droite dans le tableau (XXI, 3- 7). Il y a aussi

un dualisme tempore!: celui qui oppose le monde present (:XXXII, 2) et le monde
de Ia justice (XXIX, 18); le jour et les tenebres (XVII, 22s.), l'humanite d'avant
Abraham et l'humanite d'apres Abraham (XXIV- XXV). L'humanite posterieure a
Abraham est elle-meme divisee entre le people de Dieu et les nations (XXII, 4-5;
XXIV, 1). Il existe encore un dualisme ethique: on trouve des justes, mais aussi des

mechants (XVII, 22; XXIII, 12); l'homme a le desir du mal (XXIII, 13), mais aussi
celui des reuvres justes (XXVII, 9)." R. Rubinkiewicz, "La vision de l'histoire dans



!'Apocalypse d'Abraham," ANRW 2.19.1 (1979): 137- 51 at 149.


134 Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven"



1 L Box and Landsman, _The_ _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ xxvi.
12. B. Philonenko-Sayar and M. Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse_ _d' Abraham._
_Introduction,_ _texce_ _slave,_ _traduction_ _et_ _notes_ (Semitica, 31; Paris: Librairie Adr ien
Maisonneuve, 1981), 31.

13. Philonenko also draws attention to the expression found in _Apoc. Ab._
14:6: "Since your inheritance are those who are with you, with men born with the
stars and clouds. And their portion is you, and they come into being through your

being." Philonenko sees in this expression a cmmection with the astrological lore
found in some Q umran horoscopes which expresses the idea that the human beings
from the time of their birth belong either to the "lot" of light or to the "lot" of
darkness. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _I.:_ _Apocalypse d' Abraham,_ 3 2. Ph ilonenko
also sees the dualistic opposition between the "age of justice" (B'b Bi:H\13 npane}.(HeMb)
and the "age of corruption" (Bo TJI'BHH'B Bi3J.J,i3). In his opinion all these instances



represent remarkable expressions of a dualistic ideology.



14. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _I.:Apocalypse_ _d'Abraham,_ 32.
15. Thus, for example, Marc Philonenko noted that the word "lot" (Slav.
<faCTb) appears to be connected to the Hebrew '?!D, a term attested multiple

times in the Qumran materials. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse_
_d'Ahraham,_ 33. On the two lots, see also B. Philonenko-Sayar and M. Philonenko,

_Die_ _Apol<alypse_ _Abrahams_ (JSHRZ, 5.5; Giitersloh: Mohn, 1982), 413-60 at 418;
Rubinkiewicz, _I.:_ _Apocalypse_ _d'Abraham_ _en vieux slave,_ 54.

16. For the Yom Kippur traditions in _Apoc. Ab.,_ see L. L. Grabbe, "The
Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation," _]S]_ 18 (1987):
165- 79 at 157; C. Fletcher-Louis, "The Revelation of the Sacral Son of Man,"
in _Auferstehung-Resurrection_ (ed. F. Avemade and H. Lichtenberger; Tubingen:
Mohr-Siebeck), 282; R. Helm, "Azazel in Early Jewish Literature," _AUSS_ 32 (1994):
217- 26 at 223; B. Lourie, "Propitiatorium in the Apocalypse of Abraham," in
_The_ _OLd_ _Testament_ _Apocrypha_ in _the_ _Slavonic_ _Tradition:_ _Continuity_ _and_ _Diversity_ (ed.

L. DiTommaso and C. Bottrich, wi th the assist. of M. Swoboda; TSAJ; TUbingen:
Mohr/Siebeck, 2010), 267- 77; D. Stokl Ben Ezra, "Yom Kippur in the Apocalyptic
lmaginaire and the Roots of Jesus' High Priesthood," in _Transformations_ _of the_ _Inner_
_Self_ _in_ _Ancient_ _Religions_ (ed. J. Assman and G. Stroumsa; SHR, 83; Leiden: Brill,
1999), 349-66; idem, "The Biblical Yom Kippur, the Jewish Fast of the Day of
Atonement and the Ch urch Fathers," _SP_ 34 (2002): 493-502; idem, _The_ _Impact_ _of_
_Yom_ _Kippur_ _on_ _Early_ _Christianity:_ _The_ _Day_ _of Awnement from_ _Second Temple_ _Judaism_
_to_ _the_ _Fifth_ _Century_ (WUNT, 163; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 2003 ), 94.
17. See Orlov, "Eschatological Yom Kippur in the _Apocalypse of Abraham:_ The
Scapegoat Ritual," in this volume.

18. For the '?! 1J terminology see Lev 16:8- 10.
19. See for example, lQS ?.t.l''?:J. '?11J (the lot of Belial); O'!lT11 p '?! 1J
(the lot of the holy ones). lQM l llTln ' ) :J. '?11J (the lot of the sons of darkness);
l !V'ln '?11J (the lot of darkness). 11Ql3 p 1:::i [•: l] '?D '?1 1J [' ]iDJ~ (the men
of the lot of Melchizedek).
20. _Apoc. Ab._ 13:7: "And he said to him, "Reproach is on you, Azazel!
Since _AbralU!m's_ _po7·tion_ ( <IaCTb AnpaMmr) is in heaven, and _yours_ is on earth."


Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven" 135



Kulik, _RetrOIIerting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20; Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko,
_I:_ _Apocalypse d' Abraham,_ 66.

21. _Apoc. Ab._ 10:15: "Stand up, Abraham, go boldly, be very joyful and
rejoice! And I am with you, since _an_ _honorable_ _portion_ ( tJaCTh B1>tJHaS1) has been
prepared for you by the Eternal One." Kulik, _Retrovercing Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 18;



Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apoca.lypse_ _d' Abraham,_ 60.



22. This identification of the positive lot with the lot of God is also present
in the Qumran materials. Cf. 1QM 13:5-6: "For they are the lot of darkness but
the lot of God is for [everlast]ing light." _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition_ (2 vols.;
ed. F. Garcia Martinez and E. Tigchelaar; Leiden: Brill, 1997), 135.
23. _Apoc._ _Ab._ 20: 1- 5. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 25.
24. On the Azazel traditions, see Blair, _De-Demonising the_ _Old Testament:_ _An_
_Investigation_ _of Azazel,_ _Lilith,_ _Debe-r,_ _Qeteb_ _and_ _Reshef in_ _the_ _Hebrew_ _Bible,_ 55-63;
J. De Roo, "Was the Goat for Azazel Destined for the Wrath of God?" _Bib_ 81 (2000):

233-41; W. Fauth, "Auf den Spuren des biblischen Azazel (Lev 16): Einige Residuen
der Gestalt oder des Namens in jlldisch-aramaischen, griechischen, koptischen,
athiopischen, sydschen und mandaischen Texten," ZAW 110 (1998): 514-34; C. L.
Feinberg, "The Scapegoat of Leviticus Sixteen," _BSac_ 115 (I 958): 320-31; M. Gorg,
"Beobachtungen nun sogenannten Azazel-Ritus," BN 33 (1986): 10-16; Grabbe,
''The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation," 165-79; Helm,
"Azazel in Early Jewish Literature," 217-226; B. Janowski, _Sulme als_ _Heilgeschehen:_
_Studien zur_ _Suhnetheologie_ _der Priesterchrift und der Wurzel_ KPR im _Alten Orient und im_
Alten _Testment_ (WMANT, 55; Neukirchen-Yluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1982); idem,
"Azazel," in _Dictionary_ _of Deities_ _and_ _Demons_ _in_ _the_ _Bible_ ( ed. K. van der Toorn et
al.; Leiden: Brill, 1995), 240-48. B. Jurgens, Heiligkeit _und Versohnung:_ _Leviticus_ _16_ _in_
_seinem_ _Literarischen_ _Koncext_ (New York: Herder, 2001); H. M. Kllmmel, "Ersatzkonig

und Sllndenbock," ZAW 80 (1986): 289- 318; R. D. Levy, _The Symbolism of the Azazel_
_Goat_ (Bethesda: International Scholars Publication, 1998); 0 . Loretz, _Lebe·rschau,_
_Sundenbock_ _,_ _Asasel_ _in_ _Ugarit_ _und_ _Israel:_ _Leberschau_ _und_ _Jahwestatue_ _in_ _Psalm_ 27,
_Leberschau_ in _Psalm 74_ (UBL, 3; Altenberge: CIS-Verlag, 1985); J. Maclean, "Barabbas,

the Scapegoat Ritual, and the Development of the Passion Narmtive," HTR 100
(2007): 309-34; Molenberg, "A Study of the Roles of Shemihaza and Asael in 1
Enoch 6-11," 136-46; J. Milgrom, _Studies_ _in Cultic Theology_ _and Te1minology_ (SJLA,
36; Leiden: Brill, 1983); D. Rudman, "A Note on the Azazel-goat Ritual," _ZAW_ 116

(2004): 396-401; W. H. Shea, "Azazel in the Pseudepigrapha," _JATS_ 13 (2002): 1-9;
Swkl Ben Ezca, "Yom Kippur in the Apocalyptic Imaginaire and the Roots of Jesus'

High Priesmood," 349-66; idem, "The Biblical Yom Ki ppur, the Jewish Fast of the
Day of Atonement and me Church Fathers," 493- 502; idem, _The_ _Impact_ _of Yom_
_Kippur_ on _Early Christianity:_ _The_ _Day_ _of Atonement from_ _Second_ _Temple Judaism_ _to the_

_Fifth Century;_ A Strobel, "Das jerusalemische Sllndenbock-ritual. Topographische und
landeskundische Erwagungen zur Oberlieferungsgeschichte von Lev. 16,10,21£," ZDPV
103 (1987): 141-68; H. Tawil, "<Azazel the Prince of the Steepe: A Comparative
Study," _ZAW_ 92 (1980): 43- 59; M. Weinfeld, "Social and Cultic Institutions in
the Priestly Source against Their ANE Background," _Proceedings of the_ _Eighth_ _World_
_Congress_ _of Jewish Studies_ (Jerusalem, 1983 ), 95-129; A Wright, _The_ _Origin of the_ _Evil_


136 Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven"



Spirits, 104-17; D. P. Wright, _The_ _Disposal_ _of Impurity:_ _Elimination_ _Rites_ in _the_ _Bible_
_and_ _in_ _Hittite_ _and_ _Mesopotamian_ _Literature_ (SBLDS, 101; Atlanta: Scholars, 1987).

25. Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 21; Philonenko-Sayar and
Philonenko, _L'Apocalypse d'Abraham,_ 68.

26. Although here and in _Apoc. Ab._ 10:15 the Slavonic word ~IaCTh is used
for designation of the "lots," _Apoc. Ab._ 20:5 and _Apoc. Ab._ 29:21 use the Slavonic
word X<pe6Fn'i for their designation of the "lot." Cf. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko,
_L'Apocalypse_ _d'Abraham,_ 82 and 102.



27. _The_ _Dead Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 1207-09.



28. Ibid., 75- 79.
29. In 1QM 14:9 the terminology of inheritance is invoked again. There the
remnant predestined to survive is called "the rem[nant of your inheritance] during
the empire of Belial." _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ Edition, 137.

30. Ibid., 97.
31. Ibid., 573.
32. Ibid., 572.
33. Grabbe, 'T he Scapegoat tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation,"
158.

34. Ibid.
35. Orlov, "Eschatological Yom Kippur in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham:_ The
Scapegoat Ritual," in this volume.

36. See Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse d' Abraham,_ 31; D. C.
Harlow, "Idolatry and Alterity: Israel and the Nations in the _Apocalypse of Aln·aham,"_

in _The "Other"_ in _Second_ _Temple judaism._ _Essays_ _in_ _Honor_ _of John_ _]_ . _Collins_ ( ed.
D. C. Harlow et al.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 20ll), 302-30 at 310, 315.

37. See A. O rlov, "'The Gods of My Father Terah': Abraham the Iconoclast
and the Polemics with the Divine Body Traditions in the _Apocalypse_ _of Aln·aham,"_
_]SP_ 18.1 (2008): 33- 53.

38. Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 15.
39. _Apoc. Ab._ 8:1: "The voice (rnac) of the Mighty One came down from
heaven in a stream of fire, say ing and calling, 'Abraham, Abraham!'" Kulik,
_Retroverting Slavonic Pseudepigrapha,_ 16; Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _L'Apocalypse_
_d'Abraham,_ 54.

40. See, for example, _Apoc._ _Ab._ 18:2 "And I heard a voice (mac) like the
roaring of the sea, and it did not cease because of the fire." Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_
_Pseudepigrapha,_ 24; Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse_ _d' Abraham,_ 76.

41. Box reflects on the peculiarities of Azazel's true abode noting that "over
against Jaoel stands Azazel, who here appears as the arch-fiend, and as active upon
the earth (chap. xiii), though his real domain is in Hades, where he reigns as lord



(chap. xxxi.)." Box and Landsman, _The_ _Apoca.lypse_ _of Abraham,_ xxvi .



42. Already George Box noticed the fiery nature of the demonological image ry
found in the Slavonic apocalypse where Azazel is portrayed as the fire of Hell. Box
reflects on this fiery theophany of Azazel arguing d1at "in fact, according to the
peculiar representation of our Apocalypse, _Aza.zel_ _is_ _himself the_ _fire_ _of Hell_ ( cf. chap.
xiv. 'Be thou the burning coal of the furnace of the earth,' and chap. xxxi. 'burnt with
the fire of Azazel's tongue')." Box and Landsman, _The Apocal)•pse_ _of Abraham,_ xxvi.


Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven" 137



43. See _A[>oc._ Ab. 14:5 "Say tO him, 'May you be the fire brand of the furnace
of the earth! (maB'bHelo nell\H 3CMHWI).'" Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pserulepigrapha,_
21; Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _L'A[Joca.ly[Jse_ _d'Abraharn,_ 68.

44. Kulik, Retmvercing _Slavonic_ _Pse·udepigrapha,_ 22.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., 23.
47. Ibid., 24. See also _A{Joc._ _Ab._ 18:13: "And above the Wheels there was the
throne which I had seen. And it was covered with fire and the fire encircled it round
about, and an indescribable light surrounded the fiery people." Kulik, _Recroverting_
_Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 24.

48. Box and Lmdsman, _The Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ xxvi.
49. Kulik, Recroverting _Slavonic_ _Pswdepigrapha,_ 35; Rubinkiewicz, _L'Apocalypse_
_d' Abraham_ en ·vieux _slave,_ 202.

50. Cf. _Apoc ._ _.Ab._ 31 :Z-3 "And I shall burn with lire those who mocked
them ruling over them in this age and l shall commit those who have covered
me with mockery to the reproach of the coming age." Kulik, _Recroverting_ Skwonic
_Psew.le[>igrapha,_ 35.



51. Ibid.
52. Ibid., 26.



53. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocaly{Jse_ d' _.Abraham,_ 84.
54. Cf., for example, Horace Lunt's comment in Rubinkiewicz, _The Apocalypse_
_of Abrahcun_ _,_ l .699.

_55._ Kulik, Retroverting _Slav011ic_ _Pseudepigraplta,_ 26.
56. Ibid., 27; Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse d'Abraham,_ 88.
57. On the traditions of the serperHine Eve in Jewish and C hristian literature,
see S. M inov, '"Serpentine' Eve in Syriac Christim1 Literature of Late Antiquity,"

in _Wlich_ Letters _of Light:_ _Scudies_ in the _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls,_ _Early_ _jewish Apocalypricisrn,_
_Magic_ _and Mysticism_ (Ekstasis, 2; ed. D. A rbel and A . Orlov; Berlin/New York: De
G ruyter, 2010), 92-114.

58. T hus, for example, reflecting on the imagery found in _.Apoc ._ _.Ab._ 23:4-11,
Daniel Harlow suggests that "the three of them appear in a _menage a t>·ois._ the man
and woman entwined in an erotic. embrace, the fallen angel in serpentine guise

feeding them grapes." Harlow, "Idolatry and .Alterity: lsrael and the Nations in the
_Apocalypse of Abraham,"_ 320.

_59._ On various versions of the _Life of Adam and_ _Eve,_ see M. E. Stone, A
History _of the_ _Literature_ _of Adam_ and _Eve_ (E] L, 3; Atlanta: Scholars, 1992); M. de
jonge and). Tromp, _The_ Life _of Adam_ and Eve (Sheffield: Sheffie ld Academic Press,



1997).



60. A _Synopsis_ _of_ the _Books_ _of_ _Adam and Eve,_ 62E. The Armenian and Georgian
versions of LAE 22:4 also support this tnlclition: "He set up his throne clos[e] to the
Tree of Life" (Armenian); "and thrones were set up near the Tree of Life" (Georgian).
A _SynO{Jsis_ _of che_ Booi<S _of .Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 62 E.

6 1. F. Andersen, "2 (Slavonic. Apocalypse of} Enoch," _The_ Old Testament
_Pseudepigraf>ha_ (2 vols.; ed. j. H. Charlesworth; New York: Doubleday, 1983-85), J.ll4.
62. P. Alexander, "3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch," _The_ _Old_ _Testament_
_Pseudepigrapha_ (2 vols.; ed. _J._ H. Charlesworth; New York: Doubleday, 1983-85), 1.259.


138 Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven"



63. _The_ _Zohar_ (5 vols.; ed. H. Sperling and M. Simon; London and New
York: Soncino, 1933), 2.355.
64. _The Babylonian Talmud_ (ed. L Epstein; London: Soncino, 1935- 1952), 3.255.
65. Exod 37:9.
66. 1 Kgs 6:27; Ezek 1:9.
67. 2 Chr 3:12.
68. R. Elior, _The Three Temples_ _: On_ rl1e _Emergence of Jewish Mysticism_ (Oxford:
T he Littman Library of Jewish C ivilization, 2004), 67.

69. In later Jewish mysticism the imagery of the cherubim in the Ho ly of
Holies was interpreted as the conjugal union between male and female. Thus, in
_Zohar_ IIL59b the following tradition can be found: "R. Simeon was on t he point
of going to visit R. Pinchas ben )air, along with his son R. Eleaza r. When he saw
them he exclaimed: 'A song of ascents; Behold how good and how pleasant it is for
brethren to dwell togeth er in unity'" (Ps CXXXIII, 1). 'The expression "in unity,"
he said, refers to the Cherubim. When their faces were turned to one another, it
was well with the world- "how good and how pleasant," but when the male turned
his face from the female, it was ill with the worl d. Now, too, l see th at you are
come because the male is not ab iding with the female. If you have come only for

this, return, because I see that on this day face will once more be turned to face.'"
Sperling and Simon, _The_ _Zohar,_ 5.4 1. Another passage from _Zohar_ IIL59a also tells
about the conj ugal un ion of the cherubim: 'Then the priest used to hear their vo ice

in the sanctuary, and he put the incense in its place with all devotion in o rder that
all might be blessed. R. Jose said: The word 'equity' _(mesharim,_ li t. equities) in the
above quoted verse indicates that the cherubim were male and female. R. Isaac
said: From this we learn that where there is no union of male and female men are



not worthy to behold the divine presence." Sperling and Simon, _The_ _Zohar,_ 5.4 L



70. Elior, _The_ _Three_ _Temples:_ On _the_ _Emergence_ _of Jewish_ _Mysticism,_ 67.
71. _The_ _Babylonian_ _Talmud_ (ed. L Epstein; London: Soncino, 1935- 1952),
3.257. _Zohar_ IIL67a, which describes the actions of the high priest on Yo m Kippur,
also attests to the same tradition when it portrays the "wrestle" of the cherubim in
the Holy of Ho lies who are "beating their wings together" The passage then describes
the high priest entering the Holy of Ho lies bringing the incense that "pacifies" or
"reconciles" the "wrestling" of the angelic creatures. Sperling and Simon, _The_ _Zohar,_

5.60. See also: _Zohar_ L23la: "Now at sunset, the Cherubim which stood in that
place used to strike their wings together and spread them out, and when the sound
of the beating of their wings was heard above, those angels who chanted hymns in
the night began to sing, in order that the glory of God might ascend from below on
high. The striking of the Cherubim's wings itself intoned the psalm, 'Behold, bless
ye the Lord, all ye servants of the Lord . . . lift up your hands to the sanctuary, etc.'
{Ps. CXXXIII). T his was the signal for the heavenly angels to commence." Sperling
and S imon, _The_ _Zohar,_ 2.340.

72. Elior, _The_ _Three_ _Temples,_ 158. In relation to this union of the ange lic
creatures in the Holy of Holies, Elior further noticed that "the grammatical relationship
between the Hebrew words for the Holy of _Holies-_ _lwdesh hakodashim-_ _and_ for
betrothal-kidushin-suggests an ancient common ground of heavenly and earthly
union." Elior, _The_ _Three_ _Temples,_ 158.


Notes to "The Likeness of Heaven" 139



73. Similar tO the "Living Creat-ures of the Cherubim" the demon is also
portrayed as a composite being which combines zoomorphic and human features-the
body of a serpem with hands and feet like a man.

74. Cf. _Pirke_ de _Rabbi_ _Eliezer_ 13: "Sammael was the great prince in heaven;
the _Hayyot_ had four wings and the Seraphim had six wings, and Sammael had twelve
wings." Pirke _de_ _Rabbi_ Eliezer (2nd ed.; tr. G. Friedlander; New York: Hermon Press,
1965}, 92. Cf. also Georgian LAE 12:1 "My [Satan's] wings were more numerous
than those of the C herubim, and I concealed myself under them." A _Synopsis of_ _the_
_Books_ _of Adam and_ Eve, 15- 15E.



75. Kulik, _Rerroverting S/a.vcmic_ _Pse·udepigrapha,_ 27.
76. Ibid., 24.



77. This imagery of Azazel posited between Adam and Eve might serve also as
a profound an thropological symbol that possibly signifies the division of the protoplast.

Azazel might be envisioned here as rhe primordial knife separating androgynous
proto-hum<mity and dividing it on the male and fe male sides.

78. ln this respect it is intriguing thm several versions of the _Primary_ Adam
_Books_ attest to a tradition about the "glory'' of Satan that the antagonist had even
before his demotion. l<ltin LAE 12: 1: "[S] ince on account of yo u l was expelled
and a lienated from my glory, which I had in heaven in the midst of the angels."

Armenian _LAE_ 12: I: "(B]ecause of you l went forth from my dwelling; and because
of you l was alienated from the throne of the Cherubim who, having spread out a
shelter, used to enclose rne." Georgian LA£ 12: 1: "through you that l fe ll from my
dwellings; (it was) by you that l was alienated from my own throne." A Synopsis _of_



tlte Books _of Adam._ _and_ Eve, 15- ISE.



79. j. Ivanov, £ orowmcKrf _Kf!flrl'!_ n Jrerenp,n (Co cpu~ : HaYJ<a If l'bKycTao,
1970).

80. E. Turdeanu, _Apocryphes_ _slcwes_ et _rounwins_ _de_ !'Ancien _Tesumtent_ (SVTP,
5; Le iden: Brill, 1981); F. l. Andersen, "Pseudepigrapha Stud ies in Bulgaria," _]SP_ I
(1987): 41- 55.
81 . On the Jewish mystical traditions in the _At)Ocalyf>se_ _of_ _Abraham,_ see
also: Box and Landsman, _The Apocalypse_ _of Ahmham,_ xxix- xxx; M. Dean-Orting,

_Heavenl.y ]oumeys:_ A _Study of the_ _Motif_ in Hellenistic _Jewish. Literature_ (JU, 8; Frankfurt

•l m Main: Peter Lang, 1984}, 251-53 ; I. G ruenwald, _AJ>ocalyf>tic_ _and_ _Merl<avtth_
Mysticism (AGAJU, 14; Leiden: Brill, 1980), 55- 56; D. Flusser, "Psalms, Hymns and

Prayers," in _jewish_ _\XIrirings_ _of c.he_ _Second_ _Temple_ _Period:_ _Apocrypha,_ _Pseude[;igrapha,_
Q r.unran Sectarian Writings, Plrilo, _.Josephus_ (ed. M. E. Stone; CRINT, 2.2; Assen: Van
Gorcum, 1984), 551- 77, esp. 565; Kulik, Retroverting Slavonic _Pseudepigrapha,_ 83ff.;

Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _L'Apocalypse_ _d'Ahral.am,_ 28--33; C. Rowland,
The Open Heaven: A _Study_ _of Apocalyptic_ in _.Judaism_ _and_ _Early_ _Ch,·istianity_ (New

York: Crossroad, 1982), 86ff.; Rubinkiewicz, _L'Apoca!ypse_ _d'Ahrah£ll11_ en _vieux slave,_
76-83; Stone, "Apocalyptic Literature," in _jewish_ _\XIritings of the_ _Sec01ul Temf.>le_ _Period:_
_Apocryf>ha,_ _Pseudef>igrapha,_ Qumran _Sectarian_ \XIritings, _Philo,_ _joseph«.<,_ .383-441, esp.
418; G. Sc.holem, _Major_ Trends in _./ewish Mysticism_ (New York: Schocken, 1961},
52, 57- 6 1, 72; idem, _jewish_ _Gnoscicism, Merlwbah_ _Myscicism, and Talmudic_ Tradition

(New York: The Jewish Theo log ical Seminary, 1965}, 23-24; idem, _Kabbalah_ (New
York: Quadr.lngle, 1974}, 18.


**140**



Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur


Eschatological Yom Kippur in **the**

Apoca lypse of Abraham


l. Slav. cancj:JMp'b. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _I:_ _Apocalypse d' Abraham,_



60.



2. Slav. xpycoJIHTb. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse_
_d' Abraham,_ 60.

3. "(A)nd a turban (KHJJ;apb) on his head like the appearance of the bow
in the clouds." Kulik, Recroverting _Slavonic_ _Psew:lepigrapha.,_ 19; Philonenko-Sayar and
Philonenko, _L:Apocal)'pse d'Abraham,_ 60.
4. Thus, Daniel Harlow observes that "Yahoel's clothing ... indicates that
he is the heavenly high priest: he wears a 'turban on his head like the appearance
of the bow in the clouds,' his garments are purple, and he has a golden staff in

his hand (11:2). These elements evoke the wardrobe and accoutrement of Aaron
(Exod 28; Num 17)." Harlow, "Idolatry and A lterity: Israel and the Nations in the
_Apocal)'pse_ _of Abraham,"_ 313- 14.



5. Jacob Milgrom observes that the high priest's head covering was a turban



(t"l!l)~Q ) and not **t'11l):::lJQ,** the simpler headdresses of the ordinary priests (Exod
28:39- 40). J. Milgrom, _Leviticus_ _1- 16:_ A _New_ _Translation_ _with_ _Introduction_ _and_
_Commentary_ (AB, 3; New York: Doubleday, 1991), 1016.
6. M. H immelfarb, _Ascent to_ _Heaven_ _in Jewish and Christian Apocal)'pses_ (New
York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 62.

7. Ibid.
8. Ibid. Yahoel's role as a heavenly high priest is also hinted at later in
the text _(Apoc. Ab._ 10:9) through his liturgical office as choirmaster of the living
Creatures, which is reminiscent of the liturgical office of Enoch-Metatron in the
Merkabah tradition. Cf. A. Orlov, "Celestial Choir-Master: The Liturgical Role of
Enoch-Metatron in 2 _Enoch_ and the Merkabah Tradition," _JSP_ 14.1 (2004): 3-24.

9. Himmelfarb, _Ascent_ _co_ _Heaven_ _in_ _Jewish_ _and Christian_ _Apocal)'pses,_ 62.
10. "Greatest of his brothers and the beauty of his people was Simeon the
son of Johanan the priest ... how honorable was he as he gazed forth from the

tent, and when he went forth from the house of the curtain; like a star of light
from among clouds, and like the full moon in the days of festival; and like the sun
shining resplendently on the king's Temple, and like the rainbow which appears in
the cloud." C. N. R. Hayward, _The Jewish Temple:_ A _Non-Biblical Sourcebook_ (London:
Routledge, 1996), 41-42.
**11.** One of the extensive descriptions of Y' ~ is found i..n the _Book_ _of Zohar,_
which describes its unusual luminosity: "[Rabbi Simeon] began quoting: 'And they

made the plate of the holy crown of pure gold, [and wrote upon it a writing, like
the engravings of a signet: Holy to the Lord)' (Exod 39:30). Why was [this plate)
called Y' ~ ? It means 'being seen, to be looked at.' Since it was there to be seen
by people, it was called Y' ~ . Whoever looked upon th is plate was recognized by it.
The letters of the holy name were inscribed and engraved upon this plate, and if
d1e person who stood in front of it was righteous, the letters inscribed in the gold
would stand out from bottom to top and would shine out from the engravings, and

illuminate the person's face." _Zohar_ 11.217b. I. Tishby, _The_ _Wisdom_ _of the_ _Zohar._ _An_


Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur 141


_Anthology_ _of Texts_ (3 vols.; London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization,
1989), 3.920- 21.

12. Exod 39:30-31 "They made the rosette of the holy diadem of pure gold,
and wrote on it an insc ription, like the engraving of a signet, 'Holy to the Lord.'
They tied to it a blue cord, to fasten it on the turban above."

13. _b. Yoma_ 37a.
14. In this respect Himmelfarb observes that "the heaven of the _Apocalypse_
_of Abraham_ is clearly a temple. Abraham sacrifices in order to ascend to heaven,

then ascends by means of the sacrifice, and joins in the heavenly liturgy to protect
himself during the ascent .... The depiction of heaven as a temple confirms the
importance of d1e eard1ly temple. The prominence of the heavenly liturgy lends
importance to the liturgy of words on earth, which at the time of ilie apocalypse
provided a substitute for sacrifice, a substitute that in the apocalypse's view was to
be temporary." Himmelfarb, _Ascent to_ _Heaven_ in _jewish_ _and Christian_ _Apocalypses,_ 66.
15. On heavenly Temple traditions see M. Barker, _The_ _Gate_ _of_ Heaven: _The_
_History_ _and_ _Symbolism_ _of the_ _Temple_ in _]e,·usalem_ (London: SPCK, 1991); G. K.

Beale, _The Temple_ _and_ _the_ _Church's_ _Mission_ (NSBT, 17; Downer Grove: lntervarsity
Press, 2004); J. J. Collins, "A Throne in the Heavens: Apotheosis in Pre-Christian
Judaism," in _Death, Ecstasy,_ _and_ _Other_ _\.Vorldly_ _Journeys_ (ed. J. ). Collins and
M. Fishbane; Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 43-57; A. DeConick,
"Heavenly Temple Traditions and Valentinian Worship: A Case for First-Century
Christology in the Second Century," in _The Jewish_ _Roots of Christological_ Monodteism:
_Papm_ _from_ _the_ _St._ _Andrews_ _Conference on_ _dte_ _Historical_ Origins _of_ _the_ _\.Vorship_ _of_
_Jesus_ (ed. C. C. Newman, J. R. Davila, G. S. Lewis; JSJSS, 63; Leiden: Brill, 1999),
308- 41; B. Ego, "Im _Himmel_ wie _auf Erden"_ (WUNT, 2.34; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck,

1989); R. Elior, "From Earthly Temple to Heavenly Shrines: Prayer and Sacred Song
in the Hekhalot Literature and its Relation to Temple Traditions," _]SQ_ 4 ( 1997):
217-67; idem, _The Three_ _Temples:_ On _the_ _Emergence_ _of jewish_ M)•sticism (Oxford:
T he Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2004); C. H. T. Fletcher-Lewis, _AU_ _the_

_Glory of Adam:_ _Liturgical_ _Anthropology_ in _the_ _Dead Sea SeroUs_ (STDJ, 42; Leiden: Brill,
2002); I. Gruenwald, _Apocalyptic and_ _Merkavah_ Mysticism (AGAJU, 14; Leiden: Brill

1980); Halperin, _Faces_ _of_ _dte_ _Chariot:_ _Early_ _Jewish_ _Response_ _to_ _Ezekiel's_ _Vision;_ idem,
"Heavenly Ascension in Ancient Judaism: TI1e Nature of the Experience," SBLSP

26 (1987): 218-31; R. G. I-lamerton-Kelly, "The Temple and the Origins of Jewish
Apocalyptic," _VT_ 20 (1970): 1-15; R. Hayward, _The Jewish Temple:_ A _Non-Biblical_
_Sourcebook_ (London: Routledge, 1996); M. Himmelfarb, "The Practice of Ascent in

the Ancient Mediterranean World," in _Death,_ _Ecstasy,_ _and_ _Other_ _Worldly_ _Journeys,_
123- 37; idem, _Ascent_ _to_ _Heaven_ in _Jewish_ _and_ _Christian_ _Apocalypses;_ idem, "From
Prophecy to Apocalypse: The Book of the Watchers and Tours of Heaven," in _Jewish_
_Spirituality:_ From _the Bible Through the Middle_ _Ages_ (ed. A. Green; New York: Crossroad,
1986), 145- 65; idem, "Apocalyptic Ascent and the Heavenly Temple," 210- 17;
C. R. Koester, _The Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle_ in _the Old Testament,_ _Intertestamental_
_Jewish_ _Literature and_ _the_ _New Testament_ (CBQMS, 22; Washington: Catholic Biblical

Association of America, 1989); J. D. Levenson, "The Temple and the World," JR 64

(1984): 275-98; idem, Sinai and Zion (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1985), 111-84;
idem, "The Jerusalem Temple in Devotional and Visionary Experience," in _Jewish_


142 Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur


_Spirituality:_ FTOm _the_ _Bible Through_ tl~e Middle _Ages,_ 32-59; G. W. MacRae, "Heavenly
Temple and Eschatology in the Letter co the Hebrews," _Semeia_ 12 ( 1978}: 179- 99;
A. J. McNicol, "The Heavenly Sanctuary in Judaism: A Model for Tracing the Origin of
the Apocalypse," _JRS_ 13 (1987}: 66-94; C. R. A. Morray-Jones, 'The Temple Within:
The Embodied Divine Image and Its Worship in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other
Jewish and Christian Sources," SBLSP 37 (1998}: 400-31; idem, "Transformational

Mysticism in the Apocalyptic-Merkabah Tradition," _JJS_ 43 (1992): 1- 31; R. Patai, _Man_
_and Temple_ _in_ Ancient _Jewish_ _Myth_ _and_ _Ritual_ (New York: KTAV, 1967); C. Rowland,
_The_ _Open_ _Heaven:_ A _Study_ _of Apocalyptic_ _in Judaism_ _and_ _Early_ _Christianity_ (London:
SPCK, 1982); idem, 'The Visions of God in Apocalyptic Literatu re," _]SJ_ 10 (1979}:
137-54; A. F. Segal, "Heavenly Ascent in Hellenistic Judaism, Early Christianity and
Their Environment," _ANRW_ 2.23.2 (1980): 1333-94.

16. Thus, for example, Harlow views the whole structure of the work as
the composition which includes five sacerdotal seeps or "movements": "Abraham's
separation from false worship (chaps. 1-8); Abraham's preparation for true worship
(chaps. 9- 14); Abraham's ascent for true worship (chaps. 15- 18); Abraham's vision
of false worship (19:1-29:13); and his vision of true worship restored (29:14-31:12)."

Harlow, "Idolatry and Alterity: Israel and the Nations in the _Apocalypse of Abraham,"_
305- 306.

17. Alexander Kulik argues that the description of the sacrificial services of
Terah's family found in the first chapter of the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ "precisely follows

the order of the Second Temple daily morning tamid service as it is described in the
Mishna: first, priests cast lots _(Yoma_ 2, 1-4; _Tamid_ 1, 1-2; cf. also Luke 1:9), then

they sacrifice in front of the sanctuary _(Tamid_ 1-5), finishing their service inside
_(Tamid_ 6)." Kulik, _Retroq,-e1·ting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 86.

18. Harlow's research helps to clarify the priestly status of Azazel by drawing
on the structural parallelism between the high priestly profile of Yahoel in chs. 10-11
and Azazel's priestly profile in chs. 13-14. Harlow, "Idolatry and Altericy: Israel and

the Nations in the _Apocalypse_ _of Ab7·aham,"_ 310.
19. Rubinkiewicz, _L'Apocalypse_ _d'Abraham_ _en vieux slave,_ 58-60.
20. Ibid., 60.
21. David Halperin notes the Mosaic flavor of this passage, observing that
"in preparation, Abraham must abstain from meat, wine, and oil _(Apocalypse_ _of_

_Abmham,_ ch. 9). The immediate source of this last detail seems to be Dan 10:3. But,
significantly, it recalls the abstentions of Moses and Elijah (Exod 34:28; Deut 9:9,
18; I Kgs 19:7- 8); for like Moses and Elijah, Abraham is to have his experience on
'the Mount of God, the glorious Horeb.'" D. Halperin, _The Faces of the Chariot._ _Early_
_Jewish_ _Responses_ _to_ _Ezekiel's Vision_ _(TSA],_ 16; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1988), 105.
22. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 17.
23. Ibid., 19.
24. Daniel Harlow observes that "the patriarch's fasting 'for forty days and
nights' marks one of several places in the apocalypse where the author models
Abraham's experience on Moses's (Exod 34:28).'" Harlow, "Idolatry and Alterity:

Israel and the Nations in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ 312.
25. Martha Himmelfarb observes that "the account in the _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham_ implicitly compares Abraham's ascent to Moses' experience at Sinai. Thus,


Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur 143



for example, Abraham performs the sacrifice described in Gen 15 at MOLmt Horeb
(the name for Mount Sinai in some biblical sources) after fort)' days of fasting in the
wilderness. The exegetical occasion for the association of Gen 15 and Exod 19-20
is the manifestation of the presence of God in smoke and fire in both passages."
Himmelfarb, Ascent _to Heaven_ in _Jewish and Christian Apocalypses,_ 62. For the Mosaic
background of the patriarch's actions in chapter twelve see also N. L. Calven,
_Abraham_ _Traditions_ in _Middle_ _Jewish_ _Literature:_ _Implications_ _for_ _the_ _Interpretation_ _of_
_Galatians_ _and_ _Romans_ (PhD diss.; Sheffield University, 1993). Calvert observes that
"the similarity between Abraham's actions in chapter twelve and those of Moses are
striking. He first travels to the mountain Horeb, known also in the Old Testament
as Mt. Sinai, which is called 'God's mountain, glorious Horeb' in the _Apocalypse_ _of_
_Abraham_ 12:3. Like Moses when he receives the law, Abraham spends forty days and
nights on the mountain. Abraham is said neither to eat bread nor to drink water
because his food 'was to see angel who was with me, and his discourse with me was

my drink.' _(Apoc._ _Ab._ 12: 1-2). Philo reflects a Jewish tradition of Moses's time on
the mount, saying that Moses neglected all meat and drink for forty days, because
he had more excellent food than that in the contemplations with which he was
inspired from heaven _(De_ _Vita_ _Moses_ 11.69). Because Mt. Horeb and Mt. Sinai are
names for the same mountain, Abraham receives his revelation from God in the
same place that Moses received God's commandments. Finally, as the Lord 'was like
a devouring fire on the top of the mountain' in the Exodus account, so the fire on
top of Mt. Horeb burns the sacrifices over which Abraham and the angel ascend to
heaven where God also appears as fire." Calvert, _Abraham Traditions_ in _Middle Jewish_
_Literature:_ _Implications_ _for_ _the Interpretation_ _of Galatians_ _and_ _Romans,_ 274.
26. Box notes the connection of this idea of alternative noll(ishment with
the Mosaic tradition fou nd in Philo. He observes that "there is a close parallel to
our text in Philo, _Life_ _of Moses,_ Ill. 1, where it is said of Moses in the Mount: 'he

neglected all meat and drink for forty days together, evidently because he had more
excellent food than th at in those contemplations with which he was inspired from
above from heaven.'" Box and Landsman, _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ 50.
27. David Halperin elaborates this tradition of the unusual nourishment of
the patriarch and its connection to Moses's feeding on the _Shekhinah_ attested in
some later rabbinic accounts. He notes that "Moses also discovered that the divine
presence is itself nourishment enough. That is why Exod 24:11 says that Moses and
his companions beheld God, and ate and drank. This means, one rabbi explained,

that the sight of God was food and drink for them; for Scripture also says, 'In the
light of the King's face there is life.' .. . We may assu me that the au thor of the
_Apocalypse of Abmham_ had such midrashim in mind when he wrote that 'my food was
to see the angel who was with me, and his speech- that was my drink.'" Halperin,
_The_ _Faces_ _of the Chariot,_ 111 .
28. Christopher Begg observes d1at "making Mt. Horeb _(Apoc. Ab._ 12:3)
the site of this incident (contrast _Jubilees,_ where it takes place at Hebron) serves
to associate Abraham with the figures of Moses and Elijah, both of whom received
divine communications at that site." Begg, "Rereading of the 'Animal Rite' of Genesis



15 in Early Jewish Narratives," 44.



29. Halperin, _The Faces_ _of the Chariot,_ 110.


**144** Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur



30. On the Bar-Eshath episode see A Orlov, "'The Gods of My Father Terah':
Abraham the Iconoclast and the Polemics with the Divine Body Traditions in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ _]SP_ 18.1 (2008): 33- 53; idem, "Arboreal Metaphors and
Polemics with the Divine Body Traditions in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ HTR 102



(2009 ): 439- 5 **L**



3 L _T_ _he_ _Babylonian_ _Talmud._ _Baba_ _Bathra_ (ed. **L** Epstein; London: Soncino,
1938), 498.
32. _The Babylonian Talmud._ _Taanith_ (ed. **L** Epstein; London: Soncino, 1938), 161.

33. _Tanna_ _Debe_ _Eliyyahu:_ _The_ Lore _of the_ _School_ _of Elijah_ (tr. W. G. Braude
and **L** J. Kapstein; Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1981), 190.

34. As can be seen, some midrashic materials try to connect the es tablishment
of the Day of Atonement festival with repentance of the Israelites after the idolatry
of the Golden Calf. Later Jewish mysticism deepens this connection even further
when it interprets the scapegoat ritual in light of the Golden Calf traditions. Thus,
some Jewish texts connect the Golden Calf episode with the beginning of the
enigmatic practice of assigning a share to "the other side" in sacrificial rituaL Isaiah
Tishby refers to the tradition found in the _Book of Zohar_ according to which "one of

the consequences of Israel's sin with the Golden Calf was that 'the other side' was
assigned a share in the sacrificial rituaL" Ttshby, _The_ Wisdom _of the_ _Zohar,_ 89 1. _Zohar_

IL242b tells that "from that day the only thing they could do was to give a portion
of everything to ' the other side' through the mystery of the sacrifices, the libation,
and the whole-offerings." Tishby, _The_ Wisdom _of the_ _Zolun·,_ 891. In the dualistic
framework of the Zoharic tradition, the goat that is dispatched to Azazel comes to
be understood as "the principal offering that is destined in its entirety for 'the other
side."' Tish by, _The_ Wisdom _of the_ _Zohar,_ 821. Ttshby notes that "in many passages

[of the _Zohar)_ this is described, following a late midrash, as a bribe that is offered to
SamaeL T he _Zohar_ quotes a number of parables to explain this matter of the bribe.
One describes how a king wish es to rejoice with his son or his friends at a special

meaL In order that the happy occasion should not be spoiled by the presence of
ill-wishers and quarrelsome men, he orders a separate meal to be prepared for them.
According to this parable the purpose of sending a goat to Azazel is to remove _sitra_
_ahra_ from the 'family circle' of Israel and the Holy One, blessed be He, on the Day
of Atonement." Ttshby, _The Wisdom_ _of the_ _Zohar,_ 892. These references to the later
jewish dualism connected with the Yom Kippur ritual are not completely irrelevant

in light of the dualistic imagery of the two lots found in the _Apocalypse of Abraham._
Students of the Slavonic apocalypse often try to interpret the dualistic developments
found in the pseudepigraphon as later interpolations by the Bogomils. Yet, as we
will see further in this investigation, the dualistic understanding of the Yom Kippur

traditions found in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ and the _Zohar_ can be traced to the
Second Temple traditions fou nd in the Dead Sea Scrolls, where the imagery of the



two lots was put in a dualistic eschatological framework.



35. Friedlander, _Pirke_ _de_ _Rabbi_ _Elieze7·,_ 364.
36. Ibid., 362.
37. _Tanna_ _Debe_ _Eliyyahu,_ 385.



38. For the common anti-anth ropomorphic tendencies of the _Apoca.lypse_
_of Abraham_ and the _Testament_ _of Abraham,_ see Orlov, " 'The Gods of My Father


Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur 145



Terah': Abn1.ham the Jconoclast and the Polemics with the Divine Body Tr~di tions

in the _Apocalypse of_ Abraham," 33-53; idem, "Praxis of the Vo ice: The Divine Name
Traditions in the _Apocalypse_ _of .A.I;n-aham," )BL_ 127 (2008): 53-70.

39. For the expansion of Abraham's story in the _Book_ _of Jubilees,_ Josephus,
Philo, and the later rabbinic materials (Gene,~ i.s _Rabhah_ 38:1.3, _Tamw_ Debe _Eliyyahu_
2:25, Seder _Eliyyahu Rabbah_ 33), see: Box and Landsman, _The At)ocalypse of A bmltam,_
88- 94; Rubinkiewicz, _L'Apocalypse d'Abraham_ en _vieux slave,_ 4.3-49.

40. In this respect the authors of t he Slavonic pseudepigraphon appear to he
bound by the formative tradition manifested i.n the biblical accotmt of Abraham's
sacrifices found in Gen 15. Thus, Box notes that "the apocalyptic part of the book

is based upon the story of Abraham's sacri fices and tntnce, as described in Gen. xv."
Box and Landsman, _Tlte Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,_ xxiv.
**41.** Knihh, The _Ethiopic_ _Bool<_ _of_ Enoch, 2.87- 88.
42. R. H. C harles, _The_ _Bool<_ _of Enoch_ (Oxford: C larendon, 1893}; D. Dimant,
_The_ Fallen Angels in _the_ _Dead Sea Scrolls_ and _the_ _Related Apocrypha and_ _Pse1.<depigrapha_

(PhD diss.; The Hebrew U niversity of Jerusalem, 1974) [in Hebrew]; idem, "I Enoch
6- 11: A Methodological Perspective," _SBLSP_ 17 (1978): 323- 39; A. Geiger, "Zu
den Apokryphen," _]ZWL 3_ (1864): 196- 204; Grabbe, "The Scapegoat Tradition: A
Study in Early Jewish Interpretation," 165-79; P. Hanson, "Rebellion in Heaven,

Amzel, and Euhemeristic Heroes in I _Enoch_ 6-11," _]BL_ 96 (1977): 195- 233; Helm,
"Azazel in Early Jewish Literature," 217-26; G. Nic.kelsburg, "Apocalyptic and

Myth in I Enoch 6-ll," _JBL_ 96 (1977 ): 383- 405; R. Rubi.nkiewicz, _Die_ _Eschatologie_
_von_ Henoch 9-11 und _das_ _Neue_ Testament (tr. H. Ulrich; OBS, 6; Klosterneuburg:
Osterreichisches Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1984), 88-89; Stokl Ben Ezra, "Yom Kippur

in the Apocalyptic lmaginaire :lnd the Roots of Jesus' High Priesthood," 349-66;
idem, The Impact _of Yom_ _Kippw·_ on _Early_ Ch,istianity: The _Day_ _of_ Atonement _from_
_Second Temple .Judaism_ _to_ rhe _Fifth_ _Century,_ 85- 88.
43. Grabbe, "The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation,"
153.

**44.** Stokl Ben Ezra, _The Impact of Yom_ _Kippur_ _on Early_ _Christianity:_ _The_ _Day_
_of_ Atonement _from_ _Second Tem[)le_ _judaism_ _to_ the _Fifth_ _Century,_ 87.

45. !hid., 87-88.
46. _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ Edirion, 37 1-73. On the sim ilar traditions see
also 4Q l81.

47. Grabbe, "The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation,"
155.
48. O n this text, see also L. Stuckenbruck, _The_ _Book_ _of Giants_ from Qumran:
_Texcs,_ _Trcmslation, and Commentary_ (TSAJ, 63; Tuhinge n: Mohr/Sieheck, 1997),



79- 101.



49. 4Q203 7: 1-7 reads: "( . . . ] . . . [ ... ) and (yo]ur power [ . . . ] Blank Th[en]
'Ohyah [said] to Hahy[ah, his brother ... ] T hen he punished, and not us, [bu]t
Aza[ze]l and made [him ... the sons oO Watchers, the Giants; and n[o]ne of [their]
be[loved) wi ll be forgiven ( . . . ) . .. he h as imprisoned us and has captured yo[u]."
_The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _S<Tolls_ _Study_ Edition, 4ll.

50. _The_ Bab-ylonian _Talmud._ _Yoma_ (ed. l. Epstein; London: Soncino, 1938),
3 16. O n the afterlife of th<' Asad/Azazel tradition, see A. Y. Reed, "From Asael


146 Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur



and Semihazah to Uzzah, Azzah, and Azael: 3 Enoch 5 (§§7-8) and Jewish
Reception-History of 1 Enoch," _JSQ_ 8 (2001 ): 105-36; idem, _What_ _the_ _Fallen_ _Angels_
_Taught:_ _The_ _Reception-History_ _of the_ _Book_ _of the_ _Watchers_ in _Judaism_ _and_ _Christianity_

(PhD diss.; Princeton University, 2002); idem, _Fallen_ _Angels_ _and_ _the_ _History_ _of_
_Judaism_ _and_ _Christianity:_ _The_ _Reception_ _of Enochic_ _Litemture_ (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2005).

51. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse_ _d' Abraham,_ 31- 33;
Rubinkiewicz, _L:Apocalypse_ _d'Abraham_ _en vieux slave,_ 50.

52. Rubinkiewicz, "Apocalypse of Abraham," 1.685.
53. _Apoc. Ab._ 13:3-4 "And an impure bird flew down on the carcasses, and
I drove it away. And the impure bird spoke to me." Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_
_Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.

54. The reference to the impurity of the "bird" betrays the connection to
the scapegoat figure who in the materials pertaining to the Yom Kippur ritual is
understood as an impure entity, a sort of a "gatherer" of impurity that contaminates
anyone who comes in contact with him, including his handlers, who must perform
purification procedures after handling the goat. Jacob Milgrom observes that Azazel
was "the veh icle to dispatch Israel's impurities and sins to wilderness/netherworld."
Milgrom, _Leviticus_ _1- 16,_ 1621.

55. On the pteromorphic angelologicallanguage of the _Apocalypse of Abraham,_
see A _Orlov,_ "T he Pteromorphic Angelology of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ _CBQ_



72 (2009): 830-42.



56. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.
57. Grabbe, "The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation,"
158.
58. "Reproach is on you, Azazel! Since Abraham's porrion is in heaven, and
yours is on earth, since you have chosen it and desired it to be the dwelling place
of your im purity." _Apoc. Ab._ 13:7-8.
59. "May you be the fire brand of the furnace of the earth !" _Apoc._ _Ab._ 14:5.
60. The apocalyptic story thus can be seen as a reenactment of the two spatial
dynamics that are also reflected in the Yom Kippur ritual-the entrance into the

upper realm and the exile into the underworld. In this respect Daniel Stokl notes
that the Yom Kippur ritual "consisted of two antagonistic movements ... centripetal
and centrifugal: the entrance of the High Priest into the Holy of Holies and the
expulsion of the scapegoat. As the first movement, the holiest person, the High Priest,
entered the most sacred place, the Holy of Holies of the Jerusalem Temple, burned
incense, sprinkled blood and prayed in order to achieve atonement and purification
for his people and the sacred institutions of the Jewish cult. As a second movement,
the scapegoat burdened with the sins of the people was sent with an escort to the
deserr." St<ikl, "The Biblical Yom Kippur, the Jewish Fast of the Day of Atonement
and the Church Fathers," 494.

61. Lev 16:27: "The bull of the sin offering and the goat of the sin offering,
whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy place, shall be taken
outside the camp; their skin and their flesh and their dung shall be consumed in fire."

62. Milgrom observes that "the blood of the slain goat may have been brought
into the adytum in its entirety." Milgrom, _Leviticus_ _1-16,_ 1031.


Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur 147


63. Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.
64. Cf. _Apoc. Ab._ 15:3: "And he carried me up to the edge of the fiery flame";
_Apoc. Ab._ 17:1: And while he was still speaking, behold, a fire was coming toward

us row1.d about, and a sound was in the fire like a sound of many waters, like a
sound of the sea in its uproar."

65. In this respect it should be noted that the entrance of a visionary into
fire and his fiery transformation represe nt common apocalyptic motifs found in texts
ranging from Dan 3 to 3 _Enoch,_ where Enoch undergoes the fiery metamorphosis
that tmns him into the supreme angel Metatron.

66. Paul Kobelski notes that each of these "lots" or "portions" of humanity
is "characterized by one of the two spirits allotted by God- the spirit of truth
and the spirit of perversity (lQS 3:18-21). Those belonging to the lot of God, of
Melchizedek, of light, etc., are characterized by spirit of truth; they are the sons of
righteousness whose leader is the Prince of Light (lQS 3:20). Those who belong to
the lot of Belial, of darkness, etc., are char-acterized by the spirit of perversity; they
are the sons of perversity whose leader is the Angel of Darkness (lQS 3:20- 21) ."

P. J. Kobelski, _Melchizedek and Melchiresa'_ (CBQMS, 10; Washington: Catholic Biblical
Association of America, 1981), 57.
67. pi~ [' :::J ] '?r.J ?·m [' ]iD)~. _The_ _Dead Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 1206.
68. '?.U' '?:::J '?i1J 'il.))~ . _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 1132-33.
69. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse d' Abraham,_ 33;
Rubinkiewicz, _I.:_ _Apocal)•pse_ _d' Abraham_ en _vieux slave,_ 54.

70. The sacerdotal significance of the eschatological lots in the Slavonic
apocalypse is underlined also by the fact that the Slavonic term :lKpe6:aii:, used for

the designation of the "lots" of humanity in the _Apoc._ _Ab._ 20:5 and _Apoc._ _Ab._
29:21, is also used in _Apoc. Ab._ 1:2 for the designation of the priestly lot that
Abraham shares in Terah's temple. Cf. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _I.:_ _Apocalypse_
_d' Abraham,_ 36, 82, and 102.

71. Kulik, _Recroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.
72. Ibid., 25.
73. Cf. 1QM 13:5--6: "For they are the lot of darkness but the lot of God is
for [everlast)ing light." _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 135.
74. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 26-27.
75. Besides the mishnaic and talmudic materials, such topological arrangements
of the lots on the left and right sides plays a significant role in later Jewish mysticism.
T hus, for example, Box noticed that the _Apocalypse of Abraham's_ distinction between

the left and the right side is rem iniscent of some developments found in the
_Book_ _of Zohar._ He observes that "in the Jewish Kabbalah ... 'right side' and 'left
side' .. . become technical terms. In the emanistic system of the _Zohar,_ the whole
world is divided between 'right' and 'left,' where pure and impure powers respectively
operate- on the right side the Holy One and His powers, on the left the serpent
Samael and his powers." Box and Landsman, _The_ _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ xx.
76. H. Danby, _The_ _Mishnah_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 166.
77. _The Babylonian Talmud._ _Yoma_ (ed.l. Epstein; London: Sondno, 1938), 184.
78. In light of the passage from _b._ _Yoma_ which talks about the right hand
of the high priest in relation to the goat for YHWH, it is also noteworthy that


148 Notes to Eschatological Yom Kippur



in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ Yahoel, who, is portrayed as a high priest, is often
depicted as putting his right hand on Abraham: _Apoc. Ab._ 10:4 "And the angel
whom he sent to me in the likeness of a man came, and he took me by my right
hand and stood me on my feet." _Apoc. Ab._ 15:2: "And the angel took me with his
right hand and set me on the right wing of the pigeon." Kulik, _Recroverting Slavonic_

_Pseudepigrapha,_ 17 and 22.
79. On Enoch's priestly roles, see M. Himmelfarb, "The Temple and the Garden
of Eden in Ezekiel, the Book of the Watchers, and the Wisdom of ben Sira," in _Sacred_
_Places_ _and_ _Profane_ _Spaces:_ _Essays_ in _the_ _Geographies_ _of Judaism,_ _Christianity,_ _and_ _Islam_
(ed. J. Scott and P. Simpson- Housley; New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 63- 78;
idem, "Apocalyptic Ascent and the Heavenly Temple," SBLSP 26 (1987): 210- 17.
See also: J. Maier, "Das Gefahrdungsmotiv bei der Himmelsreise in der judischen
Apocalyptik und 'Gnosis,'" _Kairos_ 5.1 (1963): 18- 40, esp. 23; idem, Vom _Kuuus_ _zur_
Gnosis (Kaims, 1; Salzburg: Muller, 1964), 127- 28; G. W. E. Nickelsburg, "Enoch,
Levi, and Peter: Recipients of Revelation in Upper Galilee," JBL 100 (1981): 575-600,
esp. 576-82.; A. Orlov, _The_ _Enoch-Metatron Tradition_ (TSAJ, 107; Tubingen: Mohr/
Siebeck, 2005), 70-76.

80. On the priestly traditions related to the fallen Watchers, see D. Suter,
"Fallen Angel, Fallen Priest: The Problem of Family Purity in 1 Enoch 6-16," _HUCA_



50 (1979): 115-35.



81. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.
82. C. Fletcher-Louis, "The Revelation of the Sacral Son of Man," in
_Auferstehung-Resurrection_ (ed. E Avemarie and H. Lichtenberger; Tubingen: Mohr/
Siebeck), 282.

83. _Apoc._ _Ab._ 13:9-10: "And because of yo u [there is] the wholly-evil spirit
of the lie, and because of you [there are) wrath and trials on the generations of

impious men. Since the Eternal Mighty God did not send the righteous, in their
bodies, to be in your hand, in order to affirm through them the righteous life and



the destruction of impiety." Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.



84. A Kulik, _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham._ _Towards_ _dte_ _Lost_ Original (PhD diss.;
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000), 90.

85. Stokl, _The_ _Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity: The Day of_ Atonement
_from_ _Second_ _Temple_ _Judaism_ _to_ _dte_ _Fifth Century,_ 94.
86. Helm, "Azazel in Early Jewish Tradition," 223.
87. Grabbe, 'The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation,"
157.

88. Lev 16:21-22: "Then Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the
live goat, and confess over it all the iniquities of the people of Israel, and all their
transgressions, all their sins, putting them on the head of the goat, and sending it away
into the wilderness by means of someone designated for the task. The goat shall bear
on itself all their iniquities to a barren region; and the goat shall be set free in tl1e
wilderness." On the "transference" function, see also Milgrom, _Leviticus_ _1-16,_ 1041.

89. Harlow, "Idolatry and Alterity: Israel and the Nations in the _Apocal)•pse_
_of Abraham,"_ 314.

90. Harlow observes that "in chap. 12 Yahoel acts like a senior priest showing
a junior priest the ropes; he instructs Abraham: 'Slaughter and cut all this, putting


Notes to The Garment of Azazel 149


together the rwo halves, one against the other. But do not cut the birds.' " Harlow,
"Idolatry and Alterity: Israel and the Nations in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ 314.

91. Ku lik, Retroverring _Slavonic_ _Pseudet>igrapha,_ 21.
92. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _L'.A.pocalypse_ _d'Aln-aham,_ 68.
93. Ibid., 68.
94. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, _L'At>ocalypse_ _d'Abraham,_ 68.
95. Lev 16:22: "T he goat shall be ar on itself all their iniquities to a barren
region; and the goat shall be set free in the wilderness."

96. lvlilgrom, _Leviticus_ J- 16, 1045.
97. Kulik, _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham._ _Towards_ _che_ _Lose Original,_ 90.
98. Sti.ikl, _The lmpacr.ofYom Kit>fm.r_ on _Early Chrisrianicy: The Day of Atonemenc_
_from_ Second _Temple_ ./r.u:laism _t.o_ _the_ _Fifch_ Century, 94.
99. Harlow notes that "Yahoel teaches Abraham a kind of exorcistic spell
to drive Azazel away." Harlow, "Idolatry and Alterity: Israel and the Nations in the
_Apocalypse_ _of Aln·aham,"_ 3 15.

100. In this respect Jacob Milgrom reminds us that in the beginning, before
becoming an annual festival, Yom Kippur was understood as an "emergency rite'' for
purgation of the s<mctuary. lvlilgrom, _Leviticus_ _1-16,_ 1070. James Scullion also observes
that ''the purpose of the feast is purgation. T he sins of the Israelites, inadvertent
and advertent, defile the land and the temple, and even the holy of holies. Leviticus
anachronistically projects back into preseulement times a feast to purify the tent/
temple and camp/city _co_ pwcect chem from the buildup of impudty.'' j. P. Scullion,
A _Tmditio-historical_ _Study_ _of the Day_ _of_ Atonement (PhD diss.; Catholic University
of America, 1991}, 83.


The Garment of Azazel in the Apocalypse of Abraham



l. O rlov, "Eschatological Yom Kippur in the _Apocalypse_ _of_ Abrc.harn: T he
Scapegoat Ritual," in th is vo lume.

2. This peculiar dy namic of apocalyptic accounts is already present in early
Enochic booklets, where the antagonists represented by the fallen angels assume a
wide array of hUimm roles on earth, while a human protagonist- Enoch-assumes
their celestial and priestly offices in the heavenly realm.

3. One of the instances of such an encolmter between exalted hero and
demoted antagonists can be found in _2_ _Enoch,_ where the seventh anted iluvian

patriarch meets, on his celestial journey, a group of incarcerated Watchers in the
second heaven. On t:h is tradition see A. O rlov "The Watchers of Satanae l: The



Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 _(Slaoonic)_ _Enoch.,"_ in this volume.



4. Kulik, _Rerrovating Slavonic_ _Psewlepigrapha,_ 20.
5. See L. Ginzberg, "Apocalypse of Abraham," in: _]e•uish_ _Encyclopedia_ (10
vols.; ed. I. Singer; New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-06), 1.91- 92 at 92.
6. Maher, Targum _Pseudo-./onathan :_ Gene~is, 29. Later rabbinic traditions also
hold d1at the glorious garments of Adam and Eve were made from the skin of the
female Leviathan.
7. Friedlander, _Pirke_ _de_ _Rabbi_ Elie~er, 144.


150 Notes to The Garment of Azazel



8. One such Cfyptic ~ ll usion to the protoplast's glodous ga nnen r.s can possibly
be found in Ezek 28, which tells the story of a glorious angelic be ing, originally
inswlled in the Garden of Eden but then forcefully expelled from this lofty location.
The text describes the peculiar garment of this celestial being, decorated with

precious stones and go ld.
9. For discussions about the luminous body of Adarn, see D. H. Aaron,
"Shedding Light on God's Body in Rabbinic M idrash im: Reflections on the Theofy
of a Luminous Adam," HTR 90 (1997): 29'9-314; S. Brock, "Clothing Metaphors as
a Means of Theological Ex press ion in Sy ri ac Tradition," in _Ty[>us, Symbol,_ _Allegorie_
_bei_ den ostlichen Vii!em and _ihren_ Parallelen im _Mittelalter_ (ed. M. Sch midt; EB, 4;

Regensbufg: Friedrich Pustet, 1982), 11-40;. A. D. DeConick and j. Fossum, "Stripped
before God: A New Interpretation of Logion 37 in the Gospel of Thomas," VC 45
(1991): 123-50 at 141 ; N. A. Dah l and D. Hellholm, "Garment-Metaphors: T he Old
and the New Human Being," in _Antiquity and Humanity:_ _Essays_ _on Ancient_ _Religion_
_and Philosophy:_ Presented _to_ _Hans_ Dieter Betz on _l1is_ 70"' _Birthday_ (ed. A. Yarbro Collins

and M. M. Mitchell; Tiibingen: Mohr/Sie.beck, 2001), 139-58; A. Goshen-Gottstcin,
"The Body as Image of God in Rabbink Literature," HTR 87 (1994): 171- 95;

B. Murmelstein, "Adam, ein Beitrag zur Messias lehre," _\X!ZKM_ 35 (1928): 242-75
ar 255; N. Rubin and A. Kosman, "The Clothing of the Primordial Adam as a
Symbol of Apocalyptic Time in the Midrashic Sources," HTR 90 (1997): 155-74;
J. Z. S mith, ''The Garments of Shame,'' HR 5 (I 965/!966): 217- 38.

10. Aaron, "Shedd ing Light on God's Body," 303.
11. Cf., for example, Ezek I; Ps 10 1:1; Job 40:10.

12. Brock, "Clothing M<'wphors as a Means of Theological Expression in
Syriac Tradition," **14.**

13. The Qumran materials appear to be aware of the motif of the glorious
condition of Adam. Thus, several rexts invoke the rradition of the glory of the
protoplast: JQS 4:15 22- 23: "For those God has chosen for an everlasting covenant
and to them sha ll belong a ll the glory of Adam (Cl1~ **1 1J::J)."** IQH 4:9 15;
"giving them as a legacy a ll the glory of Adam (C'1~ **1 1J::J)."** CD-A 3:20 ''Those
who remained steadfast in it will acquire eternal life, and all the glory of Adam

(Cl1~ **1 1JJ)** is for them." _The Dead Sea ScrolLs_ _Study_ Edirion, 78-79, 148-49,554-55.

14. A _Synot>sis of r.he_ _Bool<s_ _of_ Adam _and_ _Eve,_ SSE. Cf. also the Annenian
LAE 10:1 "When Eve came forth from the water, her flesh was like withered grass,
for her flesh had been changed from the water, but the form of her glory remain~td
brill iant." A _Synot>sis of rhe_ _Books_ _of Adam and_ _Eve,_ 12E. O n the Armenian version
of the _Primary_ Adam Booi<S, see also M. E. Stone, _The_ Penitence _of Adam_ (CSCO,
429- 30; Louvain: Peeters, 1981 ); idem, Tex rs and _Concordances of r.he_ Annenittn Admn
_Literature_ (EJL, 12; Atlarua: Scholars, 1996), 70--81.

15. Cf. also the Armenian LAE [44)21:2-5: "Then Adam came to me with
his great glory . .. and I gave him to eat of the fruit, and I made him like me."

Later rabbinic traditions also speak about the lost of Admn's glory after the Fal l.
Genesis _Rabbalt_ 12.6 contains the following elaboration: "[T)he six things . .. were

taken away from Adam, viz. his lustre, his immonalit)' ... Adam did not retain
his glory for a night ... He deprived him of his splendor and expelled him from


Notes to The Garment of Azazel 151



the Garden of Eden." Midrash _Rabbah_ ( 10 vols.; ed. H. Freedman and M. Simon;
London: Soncino, 1939), 1.91.

16. Marinus de Jonge and Johannes Tromp noted that in _GLAE_ the "promise
of the eschatological restoration to glory does not postpone the divine grace to the
end of times. Immediately after Adam's death, the angels and the sun and the moon
offer incenses and prayers to God, that he may have mercy on Adam (33.4-36.1 ).
Their efforts succeed, and trumpets announce the favourable outcome of God's

gracious verdict on Adam (37.1- 2). A Seraph washes Adam in the Acherusian lake
(37.3), a ritual known from Greek mythology as the post mortem cleansing from
guilt of the dead. Then God hands him over to Michael, who is to bring Adam

to the third heaven, where he is to remain until the day of visitation (37.4-6)."
M. de Jonge and J. Tromp, _The_ _Life_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve_ _and_ _Related_ _Literature_ (Guides



to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 51.



17. A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 86E-87E. Cf. also Georgian
version: 'They seized three folded shrouds of [cloth] and God told Michael and
Gabriel, 'Unfold these shrouds and envelop Adam's body and take the ointment

from the olive tree and pour it upon him.' And three angels dressed him (in it)
and when they had dressed Adam's body (in it) .... " A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_ _of_
_Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 87E.
18. In _Tg._ _Ps.-]._ on Gen 3:21, the following tradition can be found: "And the
Lord God made garments of glory for Adam and for his wife from the skin which
the serpent had cast off (to be worn) on the skin of their (garments of) fingernails of
which they had been stripped, and he clothed them." Maher, _Targum Pseudo-Jonathan:_
_Genesis,_ 29. _Tg._ _Neof._ on Gen 3:21 unveils a similar tradition: "And the Lord God
made for Adam and for his wife _garments_ _of glory_ (ip1 ~1 1'il71J '?), for the skin
of their flesh, and he clothed them." McNamara, _Targum_ _Neofiti_ _I:_ Genesis, 62-63;
A. Ofez Macho, _Neophiti_ _1: Ta1gum_ _Palestinense_ _MS_ _de_ _la_ _Biblioteca Vaticana_ (Madrid:
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient(ficas, 1968), 1.19. The _Frg._ _Tg._ on Gen
3:21 also uses the imagery of the glorious garments: "And He made: A nd the _memra_
of the Lord God created for Adam and his wife precious _gam1ents_ (lp'1 l'i01J '?)

[for] the skin of their flesh, and He clothed them." Klein, _The_ _Fragment-Targums_ _of_
_the_ _Pentateuch_ According _to_ Their _Extant_ _Sources,_ 1.46; 2.7.

19. _Tg._ Onq. on Gen 3:21 reads: "And the Lord God made for Adam and his
wife _garments_ _of hon01· for_ _the_ _skin_ _of_ their _flesh_ (pi1iOJ 100 '?.i.l i p'1 i' iV'lJ '?),
and He clothed them." Grossfeld, _The Targum_ _Onqelos_ _to Genesis,_ 46; _The Bible_ in
_Aramaic_ _Based_ on _Old Manuscripts_ _and_ _Printed Texts_ (5 vols.; ed. A. Sperber; Leiden:



Brill, 1959), 1.5.



20. Freedman and Simon, _Midrash_ _Rabbah,_ 1.171.
21. Friedlander, Pirke _de_ _Rabbi_ _Eliezer,_ 98. Other midr:ashic passages also speak
about the luminosity of Adam's body. Thus, for example, in _Leviticus_ _Rabbah_ 20.2

the following tradition is found: "Resh Lakish, in the name of R. Simeon the son of
Menasya, said: The apple of Adam's heel outshone the globe of the sun; how much
more so the brightness of his face!" Freedman and Simon, _Midrash_ _Rabbah,_ 4.252.
_Ecclesiastes_ _Rabbah_ 8:1 reads: "R. Levi said: T he ball of Adam's heel outshone the
sun ... so was it not right that the ball of his heel should outshine the sun, and


152 Notes to The Garment of Azazel



how much more so the beauty of his face!'" Freedman and Simon, _MUlrash_ _Rabbah,_
8.213- 14. A similar tradition is also found in _b._ _Baba_ _Batra_ 58a.
22. Sperling and Simon, _The_ _Zohar,_ 1.136.

23. A _Synopsis of the_ _Books of Adam and Eve._ Second Revised Edition, 15E-18E.
24. Ibid. On the Latin version of the _Primary_ _Adam Books,_ see also W Meyer,
"Vita Adae et Evae," _ABAW_ 14 (1878): 185-250.
25. A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ I8-18E.
26. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Psewlepigrapha,_ 20.
27. Orlov, "Eschatological Yom Kippur in the _Apocalypse_ _of_ _Abraham:_ The
Scapegoat Ritual," in this volume.

28. On the question of rival ry between various priestly clans in the Second
Temple period, see G. Boccaccini, _Middle Judaism._ _Jewish_ _Thought,_ 300 B.C.E. _co_

200 C.E. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991); idem, Roots _of Rabbinic_ _Judaism_ (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002).

29. For the identification of the Garden of Eden with the macrocosmic Temple
in Qumran literature and jewish Merkabah mysticism, see J. R. Davila, "The Hodayot
Hymnist and the Four Who Entered Paradise," _RevQ_ 17/65-68 (1996): 457-78.



30. Haywa rd, _The_ _Jewish Temple:_ A _Non-Biblical_ _Sourcebook,_ 89.
31. Ibid.



32. Similarly in some rabbinic materials the garments of the protoplasts were
understood as the priestly garments. Thus, Gary Anderson draws our attention to a
passage from _Midrash_ _Abkir_ where the attires of the protoplast is envisioned as the
priestly robes: "What was written above?- 'the Lord God made for Adam . .. '
T his teaches that the Holy One Blessed Be He had made for h im priestly garments

jus t as it says in the text, 'Behold the man adorned in linen .. .' (Dan 10:5) [This
is similar) to a ki ng who loved his slave and made for him a tunic of gold. [When)
he transgressed [the king) took it from him and he put on chains. So the Holy One

Blessed be He, made for him priestly garments. When he sinned he removed them
from him and he put on fig leaves. As scripture says, 'They sewed fig-leaves ... . '"
G. Anderson, "The PLmishment of Adam and Eve in the Life of Adam and Eve,"

in _Literature_ _on Adam and_ _Eve. Collected_ _Essays_ (ed. G. Anderson et al.; SVTP, 15;
Brill: Leiden, 2000), 57-82 at 66.
33. "And He made for them coats of skin, and clothed them, and sent them
forth from the Garden of Eden. And on that day on which Adam went forth from
the Garden, he offered as a sweet savour an offering, frankincense, galbanum, and
stacte, and spices in the morning with the rising of the sun from the day when he
covered his shame." Haywa rd, _The Jewish Temple:_ A _Non-Biblical_ _Sourcebook,_ 90.

34. Ibid.
35. This tradition of the priestly ga rments of Adam transfe rred to protological
and Israelite heroes has not been forgotten in the later midrashim. Thus _Numbers_
_Rabbah_ 4.8 reads: "Adam was the world's firstborn. When he offered his sacrifice,
as it says: And it pleased the Lord better than a bullock that hath horns and hoofs

(Ps. LXIX, 32)- he donned high priestly garments; as it says: And the Lord God
made for Adam and for his wife ga rments of skin, and clothed them (Gen. III, 21).
They were robes of honor which subsequent firstborn used. When Adam died he

transmitted them to Seth. Seth transmitted them to Methusaleh. When Methusaleh


Notes to The Garment of Azazel 153



died he trnnsmitted them to Noah." Freedman and S imon, _Midrash_ _Rabbah,_ 5.101.
A similar tradition is also found in Pirke _de_ _Rabbi_ Eliez;er 24: "Rabbi Jehudah said:
T he coats which the Holy One, blessed be He, made for Adam and his wife, were



with Noah in the ark." Friedlander, Pirke de _Rabbi_ _Eliezer,_ 175.



36. Hayward, _The ./ecwish_ _Temple:_ A _Non-Biblical Sourcebook,_ 90.
37. _Philo_ (10 vols.; trs. F. H. Colson and G . H. Wh itaker; LCL; Cambridge,
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1929-1964), 5. 165.

38. Later rabbinic authors also rake rhe linen garments of rhe high priest to
signal a transition from a human to an angelic nature. T he change of the garment of

the High Pr iest to white linen often sign.ifies a prerequisite for the adept's entrance
in to heaven. T he "celestial" nature of the Yorn Kippur riwa l loorns large, e.g., in the
_Pirke_ de _Rabbi_ Elie.<;er 46: "He said before the Holy One, blessed be He: Sovereign
of all the universe! Thou hast one people like the ministering angels who are in
heaven. Just as the ministering angels have bare feet, so have the Israelites bare
feet on the Day of Atonement. Just as the ministering ange ls have neither food
nor drink, so rhe lsraelire have ne.irher food or drink on the. Day of Aronemenr.
Just as the ministering angels have no joints, in like wise the Israelites stand upon
their feet. Just as the ministering angels have peace obtaining amongst them, so
rhe Israelites have peace obtaining amongst rhem on the Day of Atonemenr. Jusr
as the m inistering angels me innocent of all sin on the Day of Awnement, so are
rhe lsraelires innocenr of all sin on rhe Day of Aronement." Friedlander, Pirke de
_Rabbi_ _Eliez«r,_ 364.

39. Co lson and Wh itaker, _Philo,_ 7.149.
40. _Cf._ also Her. _16_ §84.
41. Co lson and Wh ir.aker, Philo, 5.529.
42. Ibid., 5.547.
43. Later rabbinic rraditions also envision the h igh priest's entrance inro the
Holy of Holies as his entrance into heaven. Jacob Milgrom notes that white linen
as the garmenr of a high priesr was understood in some traditions as an ange lic
garmenr. Milgrom, _Leviricus_ 1- 16, 1016. He refers to rhe passage found in y. _YcJma,_

which compares the action of the high p·riest on Yom Kippur with the ministration
of a celestial being: "like rhe ministrarion on high so was rhe ministrarion below."

**44.** O ne of the depictions of frery an nihilation is attested in 3 _Enoch._
45. O n the priestly traditions related to the fallen Watchers, see Suter, "Fallen
Angel, Fallen Priest: The Problem of Family Purity in **1** Enoch 6- 16," 115- 35.
46. In th is respect Daniel Sti:ikl ri.ghdy observes chat the Yo m Kippur ritual
"consisted of two antagonistic movements ... centripetal and centrifugal: the entrance
of the H igh Priesr inro the Holy of Hnlies and the expulsion of the scapegoat."
Stokl, "The Biblical Yom Kippur, d1e Jewish Fast of the Day of Atonement and



rhe C hurch Fathers," 494.



47. Himmelfarb, "The Temple and the Garden of Eden in Ezekiel, the Book
of the Watchers, and the Wisdom of ben Sira," 63-78; idem, "Apocalyptic Ascent
and rhe Heavenly Temple," 210-17. See also H. S. Kvanvig, Roors _of ApO<Xtl.ypric:_
_The_ _MesO{JOUtmian_ _Background_ _of_ rhe _Enoch_ _Figure_ and _of_ rhe _Son of Man_ (WMANT,
61; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1988), 101- 102; Halperin, _The_ _Faces_
of rhe _Chariot,_ 8 1.


154 Notes to The Garment of Azazel



48. Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 1.50-52, 2.98-99.
49. Himmelfarb, "Apocalyptic Ascent and the Heavenly Temple," 210.
50. David Halperin's research also stresses the "apocalyptic" priestly function
of Enoch in the Book _of the_ _Watchers._ He observes that "Daniel and Enoch share
an image, perhaps drawn from the hymnic tradition of merkabah exegesis (think of

the Angelic liturgy), of God surrounded by multit udes of angels. But, in the Holy of
Holies, God sits alone .... The angels, barred from the inner house, are the priests
of Enoch's heavenly Temple. The high priest must be Enoch himself, who appears

in the celestial Holy of Holies to procure forgiveness for holy beings." Halperin,
_Faces_ _of the_ _Chariot,_ 81-82.

51. Himmelfarb, "Apocalyptic Ascent and the Heavenly Temple," 213.
52. Enoch's sacerdotal duties in the _Book_ _of_ _the_ _Watchers_ also involve his
intercession and transmission of the judgment against AsaeL Crispin Fletcher-Louis
observes that "Enoch's intercession and transmission of the judgment against Asael
is thoroughly pries tly and related closely to that of the high priest on the Day of
Atonement whose ministry involves the sending of a scapegoat into the wilderness
to Azazel (Lev 16)." C. Fletcher-Louis, _All the_ _Glory of Adam. Liturgical Anthropology_
_in_ _the_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ (STDJ, 42; Leiden: Brill, 2002). 40.

53. Himmelfarb, "Apocalyptic Ascent and the Heavenly Temple," 212.
54. A sacerdotal dimension in relation to the change of garments might also
be present in]osep/1 _and_ _Asened1._ _See]os._ Asen. 13:3, 14:12, 15:10.



55. H. W. Hollander and M. de )onge, _The Tes_ _taments_ _of the_ _Twelve_ _Patriarchs._
A _Commentary_ (SVTP, 8; Leiden: Brill, 1985), 149.



56. Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.138.
57. Ibid., 1.114.
58. Ibid., 1.11 7.
59. Armenian version of the LAE 40:2 in: A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Booi<S_ _of Adam_
_and_ _Eve,_ 86E-87E.

60. Himmelfarb, _Ascent_ _to_ _Heaven_ in _Jewish_ _and_ _Christian_ _Apoca.lypses,_ 40.
61. Fletcher-Louis, _All the Glory_ _of Adam,_ 23- 24.
62. Thus, Moshe Ide! suggests that Enoch's luminous metamorphosis, attested
in 2 En. 22, might also belong to the same tradition that views Enoch as the one
who regained Adam's lost status and luminosity. M. ldel, "Enoch is Metatron," lmm



24/25 (1990): 22<HO at 224.



63. Marc Philonenko, analyzing the symmetrical nature of the positions
of Yahoel and Azazel in the _Apocal)opse_ _of Abraham,_ notes the peculiarity of the
interaction between these two spirits, one good and one malevolent. He notices
that their contention does not occur directly but rather through a medium of a
human being-Abraham. In the Slavonic pseudepigraphon, Abraham th us becomes
a place of the battle between two spiritual forces. Philonenko sees in such struggle a
peculiar mold of the dualism present also in a Qumran material known to scholars
as the _Instruction_ on _the_ _Two_ _Spirits_ (lQS 3: 13-4:26), where the Prince of Lights
and the Angel of Darkness are fighting in the heart of man. See Philonenko-Sayar
and Philonenko, _I.:_ _Apocalypse d'Abraham,_ 31- 32.

64. The unique position of Abraham, standing between Azazel and the Name
of God (Yahoel), evokes the memory of the Yom Kippur ritual, where the high priest


Notes to The Garment of Azazel 155


stood between two earthly counterparts of these celestial realities-the scapegoat and
the goat for the Name of the Lord.

65. See Rubinkiewicz, _Die_ _Eschatologie von Henoch 9-11 unddas Neue Testament,_
101-102, ll0-13; Stokl, _The_ _Impact_ _of Yom_ _Kippur_ on _Early_ _Christianity,_ 94.

66. Stokl, _The_ _Impact_ _of Yom_ _Kippur_ _on_ _Early_ _Christianit)',_ 94.
67. Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.
68. Halperin, _The_ _Faces_ _of the_ _Chariot,_ 111.
69. T he previous studies of the _Apocalypse of Abraham_ suggested d1at the seer's
entrance into the celestial realm reveals the cultic dimension and is envisioned as a
visitation of the heavenly temple. See Himmelfarb, _Ascent_ co _Heaven_ in _Jewish_ _and_
_Christian_ _Apocalypses,_ 66.

70. Yet the repeated references to a seer's encounter with fire appear to be
significant for the authors of the pseudepigraphon, who envision fire as a theophanic
substance surrounding the very presence of the deiry. Thus, later in me text, Abraham's
transition into the divine realm is described as his ente ring into the fire. Cf., for
example, _Apoc. Ab._ 15:3 "And he carried me up to the edge of the fiery flame";
_Apoc._ _Ab._ 17:1: "And while he was still speaking, behold, a fire was coming toward

us round about, and a sound was in the fire like a sound of many waters, like a sound
of the sea in its uproar." Could the promise of a celestial garment to d1e patriarch
in the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham_ signifY here, as in many other apocalyptic accounts,
that his "mortal" body must be "altered" in the fiery metamorphosis?
71. H immelfarb, _Ascent_ _to_ _Heaven_ in _Jewish_ _and_ _Christian_ _Apocalypses,_ 64.
72. Scholars previously noted some connections with Mesopotamian
counterparts, where celestial beings lose garments of light during their descent into
lower realms. Thus, Sebastian Brock points to me tradition about Ishtar's "robe of
splendor," the garment the goddess lost at the seventh gate during her descent to
the underworld. Brock, _Clothing_ _Metaphors,_ 14.
73. On transformational mysticism see C. R. A. Morray-Jones, "Transfonnational
Mysticism in the Apocalyptic-Merkabah Tradition," _]]S_ 43 (1992): 1-3 1.

74. On d1e pteromorphic angelology of d1e _Apocalypse of Abraham,_ see Orlov,
''The Pteromorphic Angelology of the _Apocalypse_ _of Abraham,"_ 830-42.

75. Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 27.
76. In light of the uncertainty of the date of the traditions contained in
the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books,_ it is often quite difficult to establish the priority of these
mutual influences.
77. The tradition of Satan's use of an angelic form for the deception of the
protoplasts is also attested in various versions of the so-called _Cheirograph_ _of Adam._
On mese developments, see Stone, _Adam's Contract with Satan,_ 17, 18, 65, 75, 84, 88.

78. A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books of Adam and Eve,_ 51 E. T he Georgian version offers
a very similar tradition: "Then the dev il cha nged himself into the image of an angel;
he praised the praises of the angels. And I was gazing in the direction of the enclosure

to hear the praises. I stared and I saw him like an angel and at once he became
invisible for he had gone forth to bring the serpent." A _Synopsis of the_ _Books of Adam_
_and_ _Eve,_ 51 E. The Greek version also attests the angelic transformation, but does
not mention Satan's transition into an invisible condition: "And instantly he hung
himself from the wall of paradise, and when the angels ascended to worship God,


156 Notes to The Garment of Azazel


then Satan appeared in the form of an angel and sang hymns like the angels. And
he bent over the wall and I saw him, like an angel. And he said to me: 'Are yo u

Eve?' And l said to him, 'I am.'" A _S)•nopsis_ _of the_ _Booi<s_ _of Adam and_ _Eve,_ 51 E-52E.
The Slavonic _Vita_ also lacks a motif of invisibility, but adds a new intriguing detail
by emphasizing the luminous nature of Satan's angelic form: "The serpent believed
that it was an angel, and came to me. And the devil had changed to the form of
an angel and came here with radiance, singing an angel's song, just like an angel,
and said to me: 'Do you eat from everyd1ing in Paradise?' And at that time I took
him for an angel, because he had come from Adam's side, so I said to him, 'From
one tree the Lord commanded us not to eat, the one which stands in the middle
of Paradise."' A _Synopsis_ _of the_ Boob _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 51E-53E.
79. Michael Stone's research underlines the temporary dimension of Satan's
acquisition of the angelic form. He notes that "Satan, who once had heavenly glory and

luminosity, put it back temporadly in order to deceive Eve and Adam .... Pwvided
with the cr;di1.1a. "form" of an angel, he becomes externally angelic." Stone, _Adam's_
_Contract_ with _Satan,_ 19.

80. A _Synopsis_ _of the_ Books _of Adam and_ _Eve,_ liE. T he trad ition about Satan's
transformation into an angel is also supported by the Greek, Slavonic, and Latin
versions. Greek: "But the Devil, not finding a place wid1 respect to Adam, came to
the Tigris river to me. And assuming the form of an angel he stood before me." A
_Synopsis_ _of the Books_ _of Adam and_ _Eve,_ llE. Slavonic: "The dev il came to me in the

form and radiance of an angel, there where I stood in the water, letting passionate
tears fall to the ground, he said to me, 'Come forth, Eve, out of the water, God
has heard your prayer and also we angels, we who prayed for you, and the Lord has
sent me to you, that your should emerge from this water.' And I discerned that he
was the devil, and answered him nothing at all. But when after forty days, Adam
emerged from the Jordan, he noticed the footprints of the devil and was very afraid

lest the devil had duped me. But when he saw me standing in the water, he was
very happy. And be took me and led me out of the water." A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_
_of Adam and_ _Eve,_ 11E- 13E. Latin: "Eighteen days passed. Then Satan grew angry
and transfigured himself into the brilliance of an angel and went off to the Tigris
River to Eve. He folmd her weeping, and then, the Devil himself, as if mourning
with her began to weep and said to her: 'Come out of d1e water and rest and weep
no longer. Cease now from your sadness and lamenting. Why are you uneasy, yo u
and your husband Adam?'" A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_ _of Adam and_ _Eve,_ l lE.
81. See _Apoc._ _Ab._ 23. Here, similarly to the "Living Creatures of the Cherubim,"
the demon is also portrayed as a composite being combining zoomorphic and human
features: the body of a serpent with the hands and feet of a man.
82. Kulik, _Retroverting Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 27.
83. Ibid., 24.
84. A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ llE.
85. The various versions of the P1irnary _Adam Books_ clearly envision the serpent
as an animal or a "wild beast.'' See Armenian, Georgian, and Greek versions of the

_Primary_ _Adam_ _Books_ 16:2. A _Synopsis_ _of the_ Boob _of Adam_ _and_ Eve, 49E.
86. A _Synopsis of the Booi<S of Adam and Eve,_ 50E-5 2E. The tradition of Satan's
metamorphosis into the "living'' form of the serpent is also present in the Georgian


Notes to The Garment of Azazel 157



version: "And the serpent told him, 'How can we have them excluded?' The devil
replied and told the serpent, 'Be a sheath for me and I will speak to the woman
through your mouth a word by which we will trick (them).' And the two of them
came together and they allowed their heads to hang on the wall of the paradise
at the time where the angels had ascended to bow down to God. Then the devil
changed himself into the image of an angel; he praised the praises of the angels.
And I was gazing in the direction of the enclosure to hear the praises. I stared and
I saw him like an angel and at once he became invisible for he had gone ford1 to
bring the serpent. And he told him, 'Arise and come and I will be with you and I
will speak though your mouth that which it is proper for you to say.' He took on

the form of the serpent (to go) close to the wall of paradise and the devil slipped
inside the serpent and he allowed his head to hang on the wall of paradise. He cried
out and said, 'Shame on you, woman, you who are in the paradise of Delight (and)
who are blind! Come to me and I will tell you a certain secret word.'" A _S)•nopsis_
_of the_ _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 50E-52E.

87. Pseudepigraphic and rabbinic accounts depict this process of "possession"
of a living form as Satan's "riding" of the serpent. This tradition will be explored



in deta il later in our study.



88. A _Synopsis_ _of_ tl1e Boob _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 41 ~ 3 E.
89. Anderson, "The Penitence Narrative in the Life of Adam and Eve," 34.
90. It appears that the Slavonic version underlines the cosmic profile of the
beast. Thus, Gary Anderson draws attention to the fact that in the Slavonic version
"the beast declares his intention not simply to harm Seth, but to destroy Eve and all
her children (11- 15)." Anderson, "The Penitence Narrative in the Life of Adam and
Eve," 35. The cosmic profile of the final judgment of the beast attested in several
versions is also noteworthy, as it best suits the final destiny of the Adversary rather



than the destiny of an animal.



91. A _Synopsis_ _of t.he_ _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 41 E-4 3 E.
92. Michael Stone notes that in the _Primar)'_ _Adam_ _Booi<s_ Satan becomes
invisible on several occasions. He observes that "at various junctures of the story
in the primary Adam books, Satan becomes invisible. The assumed form is not
permanent. In the _Apocalypse of_ Moses 20:3, the Greek text relates that when Satan
had succeeded in seducing Eve and Adam, he descended from the tree (here as the
snake) Kat &<pava"tO<; f:yf.vf."tO, 'and vanished' (literally: 'became invisible'). When
Adam in the river recognizes Satan, he asked him why he was so hostile. Satan
responded with the story of h is fall (12:1- 17:3). At the end of the conversation
between Adam and Satan, we read _et_ _statim_ _non_ _apparuit_ _diabolus_ _ei,_ 'immediately

the devil was not visible to him' (Latin _Life_ _of Adam and_ _Eve_ 17:2)." Stone, _Adam's_
_Contract_ _with_ _Satan,_ 19.
93. A _Synopsis_ _of tlle_ Boob _of Adam_ _and. Eve,_ 51E- 53E.
94. Ibid.
95. Stone, _Adam's_ _Contract_ _witl1_ _Satan,_ 20.
96. It is not entirely clear if Eve too serves as the living form of Satan in
the Primar)' _Adam_ _Boohs._ De }onge and Tromp bring attention to the fact that,
like d1e serpent, Eve also serves as d1e "instrument" of Satan. They note that "d1e
character of Eve is comparable to that of the serpent. Both are instruments of the


158 Notes to The Garment of Azazel


devil (16.5, 21.3), who uses them to reach his eventual goal: to have Adam evicted

from Paradise ( 16.3)." De Jonge and Tromp, _The_ _Life_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve_ _and_ _Related_
_Literature,_ 54. Yet, unlike in the case of the serpent, where Satan unambiguously
enters the body of the creature, Satan's participation in the living form of Eve is less
clear and more enigmatic. Thus, the Georgian version of the _Primary_ _Adam_ _Books_
10:1-2 relates: "And Eve came up out of the water and her flesh was withered like
rotten vegetables because of the coldness of the water. _All the_ _form_ _of her beauty_ _had_
_been destroyed._ And when she had come up out of the water, she fell on the face of

the earth in great weakness and remained lying (on the ground) without moving
for two days. And after two days she arose and _the_ _devilled her_ _to where_ _Adam_ was."
A _Synopsis_ _of the_ _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 12E. One of the important details here

is that Eve is depicted as being "led" by Satan. It looks as though the Adversary
"animates" her body, taking her to Adam. The second intriguing detail of this passage
is that, after succumbing to Satan, Eve's form was changed. Although the Armenian
version says that "the form of her glory remained brilliant," scholars believe that
the Georgian version preserved the original reading. In this respect, Gary Anderson
notes that "[a)s Eve comes out of the water, having succumbed a second time to

the temptation of the devil, her flesh is transformed for the worse: 'All the form of
her beauty had been destroyed.'" Anderson, "Pw1ishment of Adam and Eve in the
Life of Adam and Eve," 79.

97. Stone, '"Be You a Lyre for Me': Identity or Manipulation in Eden," 96.
98. "[TI1e Serpent's) appearance was something like that of the camel and
he (Sammael) rode upon it." Friedlander, Pirl<e _de_ _Rabbi_ Eliezer, 92.
99. Stone, "'Be You a Lyre for Me': Identity or Manipulation in Eden," 96.
100. Sperling and Simon, _The_ _Zohar,_ 1.133- 34.
101. Ibid., 2.89-90.

102. Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ Book _of Enoch,_ 87-88.
103. Grabbe, "The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation,"
153.

104. Cf. _1_ En. 86:1-4: "And again I looked with my eyes as I was sleeping,
and I saw heaven above, and behold, a star fell from heaven, and it arose and ate
and pastured amongst those bulls . ... And again I saw in the vision and I looked
at heaven, and behold, I saw many stars, how they came down and were thrown
down from heaven to that first star, and amongst those heifers and bulls; they were
with them, pasturing amongst them. And I looked at them and saw and behold,
all of them let out their private parts like horses and began to mount the cows of

the bu lls, and they all became pregnant and bore elephants and camels and asses."
Knibb, _The_ _Edtiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.196- 97.

105. Cf. _1_ En. 89:1: "He was born a bull, but became a man, and bui lt for
himself a large vessel and dwelt on it." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ Book _of Enoch,_ 2.199.

106. Cf. _1_ En. 89:36: "And I looked there at the vision until that sheep
became a man, and built a house for the Lord of the sheep, and made all the sheep
stand in that house." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.206.

107. Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.87-88.
108. Philonenko-Sayar and Philonenko, L' _Apocalypse_ _d' Abraham,_ 31-33;
Rubinkiewicz, _I.:Apocalypse_ _d'Abraham_ _en_ _vieux slave,_ 50.


Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael 159



109. Rubinkiewicz, "Apocalypse of Abraham," 1.685.
110. _Apoc. Ab._ 13:3- 4: "And an impure bird flew down on the carcasses,
and I drove it away. And the impure bird spoke to me." Kulik, _Retroverting_ Slavonic
_Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.



11 L Kulik, _Retroverting_ _Slavonic_ _Pseudepigrapha,_ 20.



112. Scholars have also pointed out that some technical tenninology found
in chapter 13 appears to be connected wi th Yom Kippur terminology. Thus, Daniel
Stokl draws attention to the expression about "sending" things to Azazel in _Apoc._

_Ab._ 13:10, which Alexander Kulik traces to the Greek term U1tO<J't£AA.ro or Hebrew
n?ID. Kulik, _Apocalypse of Abraham._ _Towards_ _the_ _Lost_ Original, 90. Stokl proposes

that this terminology "might allude to the sending out of the scapegoat." Stokl, _The_
_Impact_ _of Yom_ _Kippur on Early_ _Christianity:_ _The_ _Day_ _of Atonement_ from _Second Temple_
_judaism_ tO _the_ _Fifth_ CentuTy, 94.

113. Robert Helm sees in this utterance a connection to the Yom Kippur
settings by proposing that "the transference of Abraham's corruption to Azazel
may be a veiled reference to the scapegoat rite." Helm, "Azazel in Early Jewish
Tradition," 223. Similarly, Lester Grabbe argues that the phrasing in the statement
that "Abraham's corruption has 'gone over to' Azazel suggest[s) an act of atonement."
Grabbe, "The Scapegoat Tradition: A Study in Early Jewish Interpretation," 157.
114. Fletcher-Louis, "The Revelation of the Sacral Son of Man," 282.
115. Tishby, _The_ _Wisdom_ _of the_ _Zohar,_ 821.



The Watchers of Satanael



I. Slav. rpnropH(bl) (Gk. eyprnopot). M. l. Sokolov, "MaTepHaJibl
H saMeTKH no crapHHHOH cnaB5IHCKOH mneparype. BbrnycK rpeTHH. VII.

CnaBSJHCKa51 KHHra EHoxa Ilpase}:IHoro. TeKCTbJ, naTHHCKHH rrepeBOA
H nccne}:loBaHHe. IlocMepTHhiH TPYA aBropa npHroToBnn K H3}:1aHHfO
M. CrrepaHCKHH," _l.JmeHuft 6 06ufeCtm/e_ _Hcmopuu_ _u !Jpe6HOCmeii_ _PoccuiicKux_ 4



(1910) 1- 167 at 16.



2. Slav. CaTaHaHJl. Sokolov, "MaTepHaJJbl H 3aMe TKH no crapHHHOH
cnaB5IHCKOH JIHTeparype," 16. In the Slavonic pseudepigrapha the theophoric ending
"el" in the name Satanael is replaced by ending "il"-Satanail.

3. On the Satanael/Satanail traditions in Greek and Slavic milieus see: 0.
Afinogenova, 'TpeqecKHH BapHaHT anoKpmpa o 6opb6e apxaHrena MHxaFina
n CaTaHanna," _Scripw_ & _£-scripta_ 3.4 (2005/2006): 329-48; Gaylord, "How
Satanael Lost His '-el,'" 303-309; J. Ivanov, _Cmapo6MzapCKu pa3KCI3U._ _TeKCm06e,_
_Ho!Jo61>JizapcKu_ _npe!JOOb_ _u 6eJieJJCKU_ (COcpH5!: IlpH.[(BOpHa IJe<JaTHHl(a, 1935),

18-25; A Miltenova, "ArroKpncpnT 3a 6op6aTa Ha apxaHren Mnxann cnc
CaTaHaHn BABe pe}:laKl(HH," _Cmapo6bRzapCKa numepamypa_ 9 (1981): 98-113; idem,
"HeH3BeCTHa pe}:laKl(H51 na anoKpHcpa 3a 6op6ara Ha apxaHren MHXaHn cnc

CaTauaHJl," in _Humepamypo3HaHue u_ _rjJomwopucmuKa. C6opHuK e_ _•teem_ _Ha_ _CtKaO._
_Ilemop /IuHeKO(?_ ( CocpH51: M3AaTeJICTBO Ha E nnrapcKaTa AKaAeMU51 Ha H ayKHTe,

1983), 121-27; idem, "CJJOBO Ha M u oan 3naroycT 3a TOBa KaK MHxaHJI rro6eAU
CaTaHaHn," in _EonzapcKama 11umepamypa u_ _KHU:>tCHUHa_ _npe:J_ _XIII_ _e._ (ed. L Bozhilov


160 Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael



et al.; Coqm}l: B'bJirapcKM ITMcaTen, 1987), 150-56; D. Petkanova, "Cnono Ja
JI'b:li<JIHBIDI AHTHXp HCT, 6e360)!(eH CaTaHaHn, KaK ro rrneHH ApxaHren MHXaHn,"

in _A_ _noKpucjJu_ (CTapa 6'bnrapcKa miTeparypa, 1; Coqnur: B'bnrapcKH IlHcaTen,
1981), 41 -48, 349-50; R. Stichel, "Die Verfuhrung der Stammeltern durch Satanael
nach der Kurzfass ung der slavischen Baruch-Apokalypse," in _Kulturelle Traditionen_ in
_Bulgarien_ (ed. R. Lauer and P. Schreiner; AAWG, 177; Gottingen: Vandenhoeck &
Ruprecht, 1989), 116-28.
4. Orlov, _The_ Enod1-Metatron _Tradition,_ 211- 52; idem, "'Without Measure
and Witho ut Analogy': The Tradition of the D ivine Body in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch,"

in A. _Orlov,_ _From_ _Apocalypticism_ to _Merkabah_ _Mysticism:_ _Studies_ in _the_ _Slavonic_
_Pseudepigrapha_ (JSJSS, 114; Leiden: Brill, 2007), 149- 74; idem, "On the Polemical
Nature of 2 (Slavonic) Enoch: A Reply to C. Bottrich," in _Orlov, From Apocalypticism_
_to_ _Merkabah_ Mysticism: Studies in _the_ Slavonic _Pseudepigrapha,_ 239-68.

5. 2 En. 30:8-32:2, 33:10, 41 :1, 42:5, 44:1, 58:1-3, 71:28.
6. Kelley Coblentz Bautch notes that "the portrayal of the [first) couple
is softened in the Book of the Watchers; like 'the holy ones' mentioned in 1 En
32:3, they eat from the tree and are made wise (cf. Gen 3:6). No references are

made to the serpent, deception, the reproach of God, and add itional punishments
that figure prominently in the Genesis accOLmt. In a text concerned with judgment
and accountability, Adam and _Eve_ do not appear as actors in the eschatological
drama ... the Animal Apoca lypse from the Book of Dream Visions seems even

more favorable in its depiction of the first couple. The Animal Apocalypse opts
to recast exclusively events familiar from Gen. 2 and 4 . ... [it) does not offer a
recitation of the fall in the garden. There is no tree, forbidden or otherwise, no
illicit gain of knowledge, no expulsion from Eden, and no recapitulation of any part
of Gen 3." Coblentz Bautch, "Adamic Traditions in the Parables? A Query on I



_Enoch_ 69:6," 353- 54.



7. In this respect Coblentz Bautch observes that "discussion of the Enochic
corpus frequently takes up the literature's distinctive view of evil. As is co mmonly
asserted, Enochic texts posit that evil originates with d1e rebellious watchers who
descend to earth: their prohibited union with women and teaching of forbidden
arts lead to the contamination of the human sphere (for example, _1_ _En._ 6-11).
T his observation has led contemporary scholars to delineate two contrasting trends
within Second Temple Judaism: one rooted in early Enochic texts like the _Book_
_of the_ _Watchers_ where evil deve lops as a result of the angels' sin, and the othe r

that understands sin to be the consequence of human failings (e.g., Gen 3)."
Coblentz Bautch, "Adamic Traditio ns in the Parables? A Query on I Enoch 69:6,"
354- 55. On the subject of two mythologies of evil, see also Reeves, _Sefer_ _'U.zza_
_Wa-'Aza(z)el:_ _Exploring_ _Early_ _Jewish_ _Mythologies_ _of Evil_ (forthcoming); Stone, "The



Axis of History at Qumran," 144-49.



8. In his forilicoming research on ilie early Jewish mythologies of evil, John
Reeves provides a helpful description of the main tenets of the Enochic paradigm
of the origin of evil (or what he calls the "Enochic Template"). According to this
template: "evil first enters the created world through ilie voluntary descent and
subsequent corruption of a group of angels known as the W atchers. Their sexual
contact with human women renders them odious to God and th eir former angelic


Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael 161



colleagues in heaven; moreover, they also berr~y cerrain divine secrets ro rheir lovers
and families. T he offspring of the Watchers and mortal women, an illegitimately
conceived race of bloodthirsty 'giants,' wreak havoc on earth and force God to

intervene forcefully with the universal Flood. T he corrupt angels are captured and
imprisoned, their monstrous children are slain, and humanity is renewed through
the family of Noah. Noticeably absent from t his particular scheme are references
to Adam and Eve, the garden of Eden, or the se rpent." Reeves, _Sefer 'Uzza_
_Wa-' Aza(z)cl:_ _Exploring_ Early _]etvisil_ _Mythologies_ _of Evil_ (forthcoming).

9. Reeves provides the description of the ma in features of wh at he called
the "Adamic Template," notic.ing the following crucial points: "(I} God resolves
ro create the first human be ing, Adam; (2) after Adam's creation, a ll the angels
in heaven are bidden to worship him; (3) a small group of angels led by Satan
refuse to do so; ( 4) as a result, this group is forcibly expelled from heaven to earth;
and (5) in order _w_ exact revenge, these angels plot r.o lead Adam and subs<'qu<'nt
generations of humans astray." Reeves, _Sefer_ _'U<:za_ _\\'la·' Aza(z:)el:_ _Expkning_ Early
_jewish Myrhologie-<_ _of Evil_ (forthcoming).

10. O rlov, The Enoch-Meratl·on Tradition, 211- 14.
11. On the tradition of Enoch as the second Adarn, see P. Alexander, "From
Son of Adam to a Second God: Transformation of the Biblical Enoch,'' in: _Biblical_

_Figures_ Outside _the_ _Bible_ (ed. M. E. Stone and T. A . Bergren; Harrisburg: Trinity Press
Internationa l, !998), 102- 10 4; !del, "Enoch Is Metatron," 220-40.

12. Reeves detects the presence of the so-called mixed template that combines
featu res of Adamic a nd Enochic "mytho logies of evil" already in the _Book_ _of_
_./ubilees_ _._ Reeves, _Sefer_ _'Uzza Wa-' Aza(z)el:_ _Exploring_ _Early ./ewis/1 Mythologies_ _of_ _Evil_



( forthcoming).



13. A ndersen, "2 Enoch,'' 1.1 12- 14. T he shorter recension of 2 _£n._ 7 has
the follow ing form: "And those men took me up to rhe second heaven. And they
set me down on the second heaven. A nd they showed me prisoners under guard,

in measureless judgment. And there I saw the conde mned angels, weeping. And I
said to the men who were with me, '\V h.y are they tormented?' The men answered

me, 'They are evil rebels against the Lo ~d . who did not listen to the voice of the
Lord, but they consulted their ow n will.' And I fe lt sorry for them. T he angels
bowed down to me. They said, 'Man of God, please pray for us to the Lord!' And
I answered them and said, 'W ho am I, a mortal man, that I should pray for angels?
A nd who knows where I am going or what will confront me? Or who wi ll pray for



rne?' " Andersen, "2 Enoch," '1. 113-15.



14. Arie Rubinstein observes that "there is evidence that the S lavonic Enoch
is dependent on some featu res which are !known only from the Ethiopic Enoch only.
There can be little doubt t hat the S lavon ic Enoch has a good deal in common with

the Ethiopic. Enoch, though the differences between the two are no less striking." A.
Rubinstein, "Observations on the S lavonic Book of Enoch,'' _.JJS_ 13 (1962}: 1- 21 at 6.
15. J. Reeves, "Jew ish Pseudepigrapha in Manichaean Literature: T he Influence
of the Enochic Library,'' in T-racing _the_ _Threads:_ _Studies_ _in_ rhe _Vitality_ _of_ ./e·wish



_Pseudef>igraf>htt_ (ed. ]. C . Reeves; E] L, 6; Atlanta: Scholars, 1994), 185.



16. _)._ VanderKam, _Enoch:_ A _Man for_ _AU_ Generations (Columbia: South
C arolina, 1995 ), 159.


162 Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael


17. The longer recension of _2_ En. 18:4 reads: "And they broke the promise
on the shoulder of Mount Ermon." Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.132.

18. " ... identity [of the imprisoned angels) as rebellious Watchers is further
underscored by the petition they press upon Enoch." Reeves, "Jewish Pseudepigrapha
in Manichaean Literature: The Influence of the Enochic Library," 185.

19. This connection was also mentioned by Robert Henry Charles who
noticed that "the angels ask Enoch to intercede for them, as in _1_ En. xiii.4," _The_
_Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of_ the _Old_ Testament (2 vols.; ed. R. H. Charles; Oxford:
Clarendon, 1913), 2.433, note 4.

20. "And they asked me to write out for them the record of a petition that
they might receive forgiveness and to take the record of their petition up to the
Lord in heaven." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.93.

2 L "And then I wrote out the record of their petition and their supplication
in regard to their spidts and the deeds of each one of them, and in regard to what
they asked, (namely) that they should obtain absolution and forbearance. And I
went and sat down by the waters of Dan in Dan which is south-west of Hermon
and I read out the record of their petition until I fe ll asleep." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_
_Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.93- 94.

22. Soko lov, "MaTepHanbi 11 JaMeTKH no cTapHHHOH cnaBHHCKoii
nwrepa-rype," 16.

23. George Nickelsburg notices that the division of the fallen angels into two
gro ups is also reminiscent of some early Enochic developments attested already in _1_
_Enoch._ He observes that "in his description of the rebel angels the seer distinguishes
between two groups, as does _1_ _Enoch.:_ the _egregoroi_ ('watchers'), who sinned with
the women (2 En. 18); and their 'brethren' (18:7), called 'apostates' (chap. 7), who
may correspond to the angels as revealers." G. W. E. Nickelsburg, _jewish_ _Literature_
_Between_ _the_ _Bible_ _and_ _the_ _Mishnah_ (2nd ed.; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2005), 222.

24. Sokolov, "MaTepRaJibl R JaMeTKR no cTapHHHOH cnaBHHCKOH
mYTepaType," 6.
25. Ibid., 16.
26. "their prince = Satanail, xviii, 3," _The_ _Apocrypha_ _and_ _Pseuclepigrapha_ _of_
_the_ _Old_ _Testament,_ 2.433, note 3.
27. Orlov, _The_ _Enoch-Metatron Tradition,_ 221- 22.
28. The motif of the prostration of angelic beings, including the Watchers,
before the seventh anted iluvian hero is unknown in the early Enochic circle reflected
in _1 Enoch._ A possible reference to another tradition of prostration- the theme of
the Giants bowing down before the patriarch-might be reflected in the _Book_ _of_
_Giants_ [4Q203 _Frag._ 4:6): "they bowed down and wept in front [of Enoch ... ]."
_The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ Edition, 409. Although the passage is extant in a very
fragmentary form and the name of Enoch is not mentioned, Jozef Tadeusz Milik,
Siegbert U hlig, and Florentino Garda Martinez have suggested th at the figure before
whom the Giants prostrate themselves is none other than Enoch himself. For the
discussion of this tradition see L Stuckenbruck, _The_ _Book_ _of Giants_ _from_ _Qumran:_
_Texts,_ _Translation,_ _and Commentary_ (TSAJ, 63; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1997), 75- 76.
29. The account of Adam's elevation and his veneration by angels is found
in Armenian, Georgian, and Latin versions of the _Life of Adam_ _and_ _Eve_ 13- 15.


Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael 163



30. The Slavonic version of 3 Bar. 4; _Gospel_ _of_ _Bartholomew_ 4, Coptic
_Enthronement_ _of Michael,_ _Cave_ _of Treasures_ 2:10- 24, and _Qur'an_ 2:31-39, 7:11- 18,



15:31- 48, 17:61-65, 18:50, 20: 116-123, 38:71-85.



31. Annette Reed suggested that the tradition about Uzza, Azza, and Azael is
"reflecting direct knowledge of the account of the fall of the angels in _1_ _En._ 6-11."

v
Reed, "From Asael and Semihazah to Uzzah, Azzah, and Azael: 3 Enoch 5 (§§7-8)
and Jewish Reception-History of 1 Enoch," 110.

32. On the tradition of the veneration of humanity in rabbinic literature
see A. Altmann, "The Gnostic Background of the Rabbinic Adam Legends,"
_]QR_ 35 (1945): 371- 91; B. Bare, "La taille cosmique d'Adam dans La litterature
juive rabbinique des trois premiers siecles apres J.-C.," _RSR_ 49 (1975): 173-85;
_]._ Fossum, "The Adorable Adam of the Mystics and the Rebuttals of the Rabbis,"
_Geschichte-Trad.ition-Reflexion. Festschrift fur_ _Martin Hengel_ _zum_ 70. _Geburtstag_ (2 vols;
eels. H. Cancik, H. Lichtenberger, and P. Schafer; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1996),
1.529- 39; G. Q uispel, "Der gnostische Anthropos und die judische Tradition," _E1]b_
22 (1953): 195- 234; idem, "Ezekiel 1:26 in Jewish Mysticism and Gnosis," VC 34
(1980): 1-13; A. Segal, _Two_ _Powers_ _in Heaven:_ _Early_ _Rabbinic Reports about Christianity_
_and_ _Gnosticism_ (SJLA, 25; Leiden: Brill, 1977), 108-15.
33. Commenting on 3 _En._ 4, Gaty Anderson suggests that if"we remove those
layers of the tradition that are clearly secondary ... we are left with a story that
is almost identical to the analog we have traced in the Adam and Eve literature."
Anderson, "TI1e Exaltation of Adam and the Fall of Satan," 107. He further notes

that the acclamation of Enoch as the "Youth" in _Sefer_ _Hel<halot_ is pertinent since
the reason 3 _Enoch_ supplies for this title is deceptively simple and straightforward:
"Because I am yo ung in their company and a mere youth among them in days and

months and years-therefore they call me 'Youth.'" Anderson proposes that the title
might have Adamic origins since the explanation for the epithet "Youth" recalls
the reason for the angelic refusal to worship Adam in the _Vita_ on the basis of his
inferiority to them by way of his age. Anderson, "TI1e Exaltat ion of Adam and the
Fall of Satan," 108.

34. Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.136, 1.138.
35. M. E. Stone, 'The Fall of Satan and Adam's Penance: Three Notes on
the _Books_ _of Adam and_ _Eve,"_ in _Literature_ _on_ _Adam and_ _Eve._ _Collected_ _Essays_ (ed.
G. Anderson, M. Stone, and ). Tromp; SVTP, 15; Leiden: Brill, 2000), 47-48.

36. W. R. Morfill and R. H. Charles, _The_ Book _of the_ _Secrets_ _of Enoch_ (Oxford:
Oxford Unive rsity Press, 1896), 28.
37. Scone, "The Fall of Satan and Adam's Penance: Three Notes on the
Books of Adam and Eve," 47-48.
38. Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.130- 32. The shof[er recension of 2 _En._ 18 h as
the following form: "And the men picked me up from there and carried me away to
the fifth heaven. And I saw there many armies and Grigori. And their appearance
was like the appearance of a human being, and t heir siz-e was larger than that of

large giants. And their faces were dejected, and the silence of their mouths .. . . And
there was no liturgy taking place in the fifth heaven. And I said to the men who
were with me, 'For what reason are they so dejected, and their faces miserable, and

their mouths silent? And why is there no liturgy in this heaven?' And the men


164 Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael


answered me, 'These are the Grigori, 200 princes of whom turned aside, 200 walking
in their train, and they descended to the earth, and they broke the promise on the
shoulder of Mount Hermon, to defile themselves with human wives. And, when
they defile themselves, the Lord condemned them. And these on es mourn for their
brothers and for the outrage which has happened.' But I, I said to the Grigori, 'I, I
have seen your brothers and I have understood their accomplishments and I knew
their prayers; and I have prayed for them. And now the Lord has sentenced them
under the earth until heaven and earth are ended. But why are you waiting for your
brothers? And why don't you perform the liturgy before the face of the Lord? Start
up the former liturgy. Perform the liturgy in the name of fire, lest you annoy the
Lord your God (so that) he throws you down from th is place.' And they heeded
the earnestness of my recommendation, and they stood in four regiments in heaven.
And behold, while I was standing, they sounded with 4 trumpets in unison, and
the Grigori began to pedonn the litU(gy as with one voice. And their voices rose
up into the Lord's presence." Andersen, "2 Enoch," L 131-33.

39. Robert Henry Charles was the first scholar who clarified the terminological
background of the Slavonic word _"Grigori."_ He observed that "these are the Watchers,
the typf)yopot, or Cl' 1' _!J_ _,_ of whom we have so full accounts in I En. Vi- xvi, xix,
lxxxvi." Tl1e _Apocrypha and_ _Psew:lepigrapha_ _of the_ _Old_ _Testament,_ 2.439.

40. VanderKam, _Enoch:_ A Man _for_ _All Generations,_ 159. It is intriguing th at
the authors of the Slavonic translation of 2 _Enoch_ decided to keep this word in its
Greek phonetical form, possibly envisioning it as a technical term.
4 L Some manuscripts of 2 Enoch speak about 200 descended Watchers, others
about 200 myriads of descended Watchers. Cf. the shorter recension of 2 En. 18:3
"These are the Grigod, 200 princes of whom turned aside, 200 walking in their

train." Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.131.
42. _1_ En. 6:6: "And they were in all two hundred, and they came down on
Ardis which is the summit of Mount Hermon." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book of Enoch,_
2.67-69.

43. Soko lov, "M aTepHa nbi II JaMeTKH no cTaprrHHoii cnaBHHCKoii
nwrepaType," 16.

44. _1_ En. 6:3- 5: "And Semyaza, who was their leader, said to them: 'I fear
that you may not wish this deed to be done, and (that) I alone will pay for this
great sin.' And they all answered him and said: 'Let us all swear an oath, and bind
one another with curses not to alter this plan, but to carry out this plan effectively.'
Then they all swore together and all bound one ano ther with curses to it." Knibb,
_The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.67-69.

45. _1_ En. 7:1- 6: "And they took wives for themselves, and everyone chose
for himself one each. And they began to go in to them and were promiscuous with
them .... And they became pregnant and bore large giants, and their he ight (was)
th ree thousand cubits. These devoured all the toil of men, until men were unable
to sustain them. And the giants turned against them in order to devour men. And
they began to sin against birds, against animals, and against reptiles and against fish,
and they devoured one another's flesh and drank the blood from it. T hen the earth
complained about the lawless ones." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.76-79.


Notes to The The Wa tchers of Satanael 165



46. So ko lov, "MaTep ~-J aJlb i 11 3a~:I C'TK~ no C'ra p i<II:Il:IO ~ cnaasu-IcKoli
JUITepaType," 16.
47. Francis A ndersen points to the fact that even though the phr.lse "under
the earth" is not found in some manuscripts of the shorter recension (V and N ) its
"genuineness cannot be doubted." He further acknowledges that the phrase "simply
does not fit the cosmography of the rest of the book, and even contradicts this very
ch. [18], which locates the other fallen angels in the second heaven." Andersen,
"2 Enoch," 1.132.

48. Rubinstein, "Observations on th.e S lavonic Book of Enoch," 7- 10; Andersen,
"2 Enoch," 1. 114; Reeves, "Jewish Pseude.pigrapha in Manichaean Literature," 185;
VanderKam, _Enoch:_ A _Man for_ Al.l _Generations,_ 159.

49. Reeves, "Jewish Pseudepigyapha in Man ichaean Literature," 185.
50. Martha Himmelfarb suggests that "in _2_ Enoch the ascent is clearly a
reworking of the ascenr. in the _Book_ _of the Watchers_ in combination with the tour _w_
the ends of the earth." M. Himmelfarb, "Revelation and Rapture: T he Transformation
of the Visionary in the Ascent Apocalypses," in _Mysteries and Revelations: Apocalyptic_
Studies since _the Ut)psala Col.loquium_ (ed. J. _)._ Collins and J. H. C harlesworth; JSPSS,
9; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 199 1), 82. Cf. also N ickelsburg, _Jewish Literaf:.llre_



_Between_ the _Bible_ and the _Mishnah,_ 221- 23.



5 I. Andersen, "Z Enoch," 1.1 1 Z.
52. Ibid.
53. T he rendering of the name of rhe chief negative pron-.gon isr of rhe Adnmic
tradition here not as Satan but as Satanael/Satanail, with a theophoric angelic
ending, appears to underline his original angelic status. In this context the change
of the name _w_ Saran (S lav. CoToHa) and removing the th«ophoric ending sign ifies

the expelling fro m the angelic rank, a tradition hinted in the longer recension of _2_
En. 3 1: "Adam-Mother; earthly and life. And I created a garden in Edem, in the
east, so that he might keep d1e agreement and preserve the commandment. And I
created for him an open heaven, so that /he might look upon d1e angels, singing the
triumphal song. A nd the light which is 11ever darkened was perpe.rually in paradise.
And the devil understood how I wished to create another world, so that everything
cou ld be subjec.ted to Adam on the earth, to rule and reign over it. The devil is
of rhe lowesr places. And he will become a dernon, because he lied from heaven;
Sotona, because his name was Satanail. In t his way he became different from the
angels. H is nature did not change, but h is thought did, since his consciousness of

righteous and sinful things changed. And he became aware ~, f his condemnation and
of the sin which he sinned previously. And that is why he thought up the scheme
against Adam. In such a form he entered paradise, and corrupted Eve. But Adam
he did not contact. But on account of her nescience I cursed him. But those whom
I had blessed previously, them I did not curse; and those whom I had not blessed
previously, even them I did not curse-ne ither mankind I cursed, nor the earth, nor
any other c re~mtre, but on ly mankind's evil fruit-bearing. T his is why the fruit of
doing good is sweat and exertion." Ande·rsen, "2 Enoc.h," 1. 152- 54.

54. So kolov, "MaTepHaJibi 11 3aM CTK~ no C'ra pi<IH I:IOll cnausu-Ic Ko il
JUITepaType," 16.


166 Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael


55. Robert Hemy Charles underlines the peculiarity of the Satan terminology
to this section of _1 Enoch._ R. H. Charles, _The_ _Book_ _of Enoch_ _or_ _1_ _Enoch_ (Oxford:
Clarendon, 1912), 66.

56. Daniel Olson observes that "the aurhor [of the _Similitudes)_ could have
deduced the existence of 'satans' as the class of malevolent angels from passages like
Numbers 22, where the Angel of the Lord is tw ice described as coming, literally, 'as
a satan' to block Balaam's progress (vv 22, 32)." D. Olson, _Enoch:_ A _New Translation_
(North Richland Hills: Bibal, 2004), 80.

57. Matthew Black argues that in this passage "the sa tans are a special class
of angels" that "have been identified with the 'angels of punishment.'" M. Black,
_The_ _Book_ _of Enoch_ _or_ _1_ Enod1 (SVTP, 7; Leiden: Brill, 1985), 200.

58. Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book of_ Enod1, 2.128. See also _1_ En. 41:9, 53:3, 65:6.
The Satan tradition might also be indirectly present in _1_ _En._ 69:6, the passage that

describes an angelic leader Gadre'el who is credited there with leading Eve astray. On

this tradition see Olson, _Enoch:_ A _New Translation,_ 126; Coblentz Bautch, "Adamic
Traditions in the Parables? A Query on _1 Enoch_ 69:6," 352--60.
59. Matthew Black observes that "the idea that the watchers were the subjects
of Satan is pecul iar to the Parables, reflecting a later demonology." Black, _The_ _Book_
_of Enoch_ _or_ _1_ Enoch, 219.

60. Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book_ _of Enoch,_ 2.138.
61. Daniel Olson notes that "Satan the individual is mentioned once in
the 'parables' (54:6), so it would appear that both the generic and the titular use
are employed in this book, but caution is in order because 'satans' in Ethiopic can
simply mean 'the hosts of Satan' and need not imply a wholly distinct category of
evil spidts." Olson, _Enoch:_ A _New_ Tmnslation, 80.

62. T he _Book_ _of the_ _Similitudes_ endows the seventh anted iluvian patriarch
with several roles and titles previously unknown in the early Enochic lore, such
as "righ teous one," "anointed one," "chosen one," and "son of man." One cannot
fail to recognize that in contrast to other designations of Enoch fo und in the
early Enochic materials, the titles from the _Booh_ _of the_ _Similitudes_ exhibit strong
roots and connections with the motifs and themes found in the Bible, particularly
in the Book of Isaiah, Psalm 2, and the Book of DanieL Scholars have therefore
proposed that these titles might be shaped by familiar biblical characters, such as

the Servan.t of the Lord found in Deutero-Isaiah and the Son of Man of D-aniel 7.
On the titles of Enoch in the _Booh_ _of the_ _Similitudes_ and their biblical roots, see
VanderKam, "Righteous One, Messiah, Chosen One, and Son of Man in 1 Enoch
37-71," 169-70.

63. 2 En. 29:1--6: "And for all my own heavens I shaped a shape from the
fiery substance. My eye looked at the solid and very hard rock. And from the flash
of my eye I took the marvelous substance of lightning, both fire in warer and water

in fire; neither does this one extinguish that one, nor does that one dry out this
one. That is why lightning is sharper and brighter than the shining of the sun, and
softer than water, more solid than the hardest rock. And from the rock I cut off a
great fire, and from the fire I created the ranks of the bodiless armies-the myriad
angels-and their weapons are fie ry and their clothes are burning flames. And I gave
orders that each should stand in his own rank. Here Satanail was hurled from the


Notes to The The Watchers of Satanael 167



height, together with his ange ls. But one from the order of the archangels deviated,
together with the division that was under his authority. He thought up the impossible
idea, that he might place his throne higher than the clouds which are above the
earth, and that he might become equal to my power. And I hurled him out from
the height, together with his angels. And he was flying around in the air, ceaselessly
above the Bottomless. And thus I created the entire heavens. And the third day
came." Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.148.
64 . Sokolov, "MaTepHaJihi If 3aMeTKH no cTapHHHOH cJiaB5JHCKOH
JIHTepaType," 28.

65. I _En._ 10:4-6: "And further the Lord said to Raphael: 'Bind Azazel by his
hands and his feet, and throw him in the darkness. And split open the desert which
is in Dudael, and throw him there. And throw on him jagged and sharp stones, and
cover him with darkness; and let him stay there for ever, and cover his face, that
he may not see light, and that on the great day of judgment he may be hurled into



the fire.' " Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book of Enoch,_ 2.87-88.



66. The similar development might be detected also in the _Book_ _of_ the
_Similitudes,_ an Enochic text already mentioned in this study which also exhibits
some connections with the Merkabah tradition.

67. Orlov, _The_ _Enoch-Metatron Tradition,_ 148- 208.
68. For the background of the tradition about Uzza, Azza, and Azael, see
Reed, _What_ _the_ _Fallen Angels Taught:_ _The_ _Reception-History of_ d1e Book _of the Watchers_
in _Judaism_ _and_ _Christianity,_ 337ff; idem, _Fallen_ _Angels_ _and_ _the_ Histor)' _of Judaism_ _and_
_Christianity:_ _The_ _Reception_ _of_ Enochic Litemture, 252ff.

69. Alexander, "3 Enoch," 1.258-59.
70. Anderson, "The Exaltation of Adam and the Fall of Satan," 107.
71. Alexander, "3 Enoch," 1. 260.
72. _b._ _Sanh ._ 38B, _Midmsh_ _of Shemhazai_ _and_ _Azael_ 2, and _Zoha1·_ Ill.207b-208a.
73. The motif of the three Watchers is also found in several Tafsirs on the
_Qur' an._ For the original texts, translations and extensive discussion of these traditions,

see c:I>.H. A6A)'JIJiaeaa, _IlepcuiJcKaf! KopaHu'leCKaf! 3K3ezemuKa: TeKCIIlbl, nepe(WObl,_



_KO.M.MeHmapuu_ (C.-Tierep6ypr: Tie-rep6yprcKoe BocTOKOBeAeHHe, 2000).



74. Alexander, "3 En.och," 1.303.
75. MS New York JTS 8128.
76. P. Schafer, with M. Schluter and H. G. von Mutius, _Synopse zur_
_He/Jw!oth-Literatur_ (TSAJ, 2; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1981), 164.

77. M. Cohen, _The_ _Shi'ur_ _Qomah:_ _Texts_ _and_ _Recensions_ (TSAJ, 9; Tubingen:
Mohr/Siebeck, 1985), 162-64.
78. Cohen, _The_ _Shi'ur_ _Qomah:_ _Liturgy_ _and_ _Theurgy_ _in_ _Pre-Kabbalistic_ _Jewish_
_Mysticism,_ 134.
79. Slav. CJI)')f{RTe. Sokolov, "MaTepHaJihi 11 3aMeTKH no CTapHHHOH
CJiaB5JHCKOH JIHTepaType," 17.

80. Slav. CJI)')I(611 aawe. Ibid.
81. Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.132.
82. See Georgian LAE 14:1: "Then Michael came; he summoned all the
troops of angels and told them, 'Bow down before the likeness and the image of the
divinity.'" Latin LAE 14:1: "Having gone forth Michael called all the angels saying:


168 Notes to Satan and the Visionary


'Worship the image of the Lord God, just as the Lord God has commanded.'" A
_Synopsis_ _of_ the _Books_ _of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 16E.
83. T hus, in 2 En. 24 God invites the seer to the place next to him, closer than
that of Gabriel, in order to share with him the information that remains hidden even
from the angels. The shorter recension of 2 _En._ 24 puts even greater emphasis on the
unique nature of this offer; in this recension God places the patriarch "to the left of
himself, closer than Gabriel (Slav. EmnKe fc·mpFina)." Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1.143;
Sokolov, "MarepHaJihi H 3aMeTKH no cTapHHHOH cnaBHHCKOif nHTepaType," 90

(Ms. B), 117 (Ms. U ). Crispin Fletcher-Louis writes that the fact that in 2 _Enoch_ the
seer is seated next to God "suggests some contact with the rabbinic Enoch/Metatron

tradition." Fletcher-Louis, _Lulre-Acts,_ 154. Michael Mach also suggests that this motif
is closely connected with the Metatron imagery. He notes that "the exaltation to a
rank higher than that of the angels as well as the seating at God's side have their
parallels and considerable development in Enoch's/Metatron's transfonnation and
enthronement as depicted in 3 _Enoch."_ M. Mach, "From Apocalypticism to Early
Jewish Mysticism?" in _The_ _Encyclopedia_ _of Apocalypticism_ (3 vols.; ed. J. J. Collins;
New York: Continuum, 1998), 1.229- 64 at 251.
84. On the Adamic background of the temptation narrative in Matthew and
Luke, see J. A. Fitzmyer, _The_ _Gospel According_ to _Lul<e_ (2 vols.; AB, 28, 28A; Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1981), 1.512.

85. Cf. Armenian LAE 14:1: "Then Michael summoned all the angels and
God said to them, 'Come, bow down to _god_ whom I made."' A _Synopsis_ _of c.he_ _Books_
_of Adam_ _and_ _Eve,_ 16E.


Satan and the Visionary


l. Cf. C.M. Tuckett, "The Temptation Narrative in Q," in _The Four Gospels._
_Festschrift_ _Frans_ _Neirynci<_ (ed. F. van Segbroeck et al.; 3 vols.; BETL, 100; Leuven:
Peeters, 1992), 1.479- 507.

2. On the temptation st01y in the canonical gospels see: E. Best, _The Temptation_
_and tl1e Passion: The Markan Soteriology_ (SNTSMS, 2; Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1965); C. Blumenthal, "Zur 'Zinne des Tempels,'" _ZNW_ 96 (2005): 274-83;
A. B. Caneday, "Mark's Provocative Use of Scripture in Narration: 'He Was with the
Wild Animals and Angels Ministered to Him,'" BBR 9 ( 1999): 19-36; C. Charlier,
"Les tentations de Jesus au desert," BVC 5 (1954): 85- 92; P. Doble, 'T he Temptations,"

_ExpTim_ 72 (1960-61): 91-93; T. L. Donaldson, _Jesus_ _on the_ Mountain (JSNTSup, 8;
Sheffield: jSOT, 1985): 87- 104; R. Dormandy, "Jesus' Temptations ln Mark's Gospel:
Mark 1:12- 13,'' _ExpTim_ 114:6 (2003): 183- 87; J. Dupont, "L'arriere-fond biblique
du recit des tentations de Jesus," _NTS_ 3 (1957): 287-304; idem, "Les tentations de
Jesus dans le recit de Luc (Luc, 4, 1- 13)," _ScEccl_ 14 (1962): 7- 29; idem, "L'origine

du recit des tentations de Jesus au desert," RB 73 (1966): 30-76; idem, _Les_ tentations
_de_ _Jesus_ _au_ desert (StudNeot, 4; Bruges: Desclee de Brouwer, 1968); C. Duquoc, "La

tentation du Christ," _LumVie_ 53 (1961): 21-41; E. Fascher, _Jesus_ _und_ der _Satan:_ _Eine_
_Studie_ _zur Auslegung der Versuchungsgeschichte_ (HM, 11 ; Halle: Max Niemayer, 1949);
idem, "Jesus lmd die Tiere," TLZ 90 (1965): 561-70; A. Feuillet, "Le recit lucanien


Notes to Satan and the Visionary 169


de Ia tentation (Lc 4, 1-13)," _Bib_ 40 (1959): 613-31; idem, "Die Versuchungen)esu,"
_Comm_ 8 (1979): 226- 37; _)._ T. Fitzgerald, "The Temptation of Jesus: The Testing of

the Messiah in Matthew," _ResQ_ 15 (1972): 152- 60; S. R. Garrett, _The Temptations_
_of Jesus_ in _Mark's_ _Gospel_ (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998); B. Gerhardsson, _The_
_Testing of God's_ _Son (Matt 4:1- 11_ & _Par.)_ (ConBNT, 2.1; Lund: Gleerup, 1966); _)._ B.
Gibson, "Jesus' Wilderness Temptation According to Mark," _]SNT_ 53 (1994): 3- 34;

idem, "A Turn on 'Turning Stones To Bread': A New Understanding of the Devil's
Intention in Q 4.3.," BR 41 (1996): 37- 57; C. A. G ieschen, "Why Was Jesus with
the Wild Beasts (Mark 1:13)?" _CTQ_ 73.1 (2009): 77-80; F J. Glendennirtg, 'The
Devil and the Temptations of Our Lord according to St. Luke," _Theology_ 52 (1949):
102- 105; E. Graham, "The Temptation in the Wilderness," _CQR_ 162 (1961): 17- 32;
_]._ P. Heil, "Jesus with the Wild Animals in Mark 1:13," _CBQ_ 68:1 (2006): 63-78; P.
Hoffmann, "Die Versuchungsgeschichte in der Logienquelle," BZ 13 (1969): 207- 23;
R. Holst, "The Temptation of Jesus," _ExpTim_ 82 (1971): 343-44; N. Hyldahl, "Die
Versuchung auf der Zinne des Tempels," _ST_ 15 (1961): 113-27; S. L. Johnson, "The
Temptation of Christ," _BSac_ 123 (1966): 342- 52; H. A. Kelly, "The Devil in the

Desert," _CBQ_ 26 (1964): 190-220; P. Ketter, _Die_ _Versuchung ]esu_ _nach_ _dem_ _Berichte_
_der Synoptil<er_ (NTAbh, 6/3; Munster: Aschendorff, 191 8); J. A. Kirk, "T he Messianic

Role of Jesus and the Temptation Narrative: A Contemporaty Perspective," _EvQ_ 44

(1972): 11-29, 91-102; E. Koskenniemi, "The Traditional Roles Inverted: Jesus and
the Devil's Attack," BZ 52:2 (2008): 261-68; H. Kruse, "Das Reich Satans," _Bib_ 58
(1977): 29-61; G. Lafon, "La genese de l'homme: Lecture de Luc 4, 1- 13," _Christus_ 22
(1975): 443-55; H. G. Leder, "Siindenfallerzahlung und Versuchungsgeschichte," ZNW
54 (1963): 188-216; H. Mahnke, _Die Versuchungsgeschichte_ im _Rahmen der synoptischen_
_Evangelien:_ Ein _Beitrag_ _zur_ _fruhen_ _Christologie_ (BBET, 9; Frankfurt am Main: Lang,

1978); R. Morgenthaler, "Roma-Sedes Satanae (Rom 13, 1 ff im Lichte von Lu k
4, 5-8)," TZ 12 (1956): 289- 304; F Ne ugebauer, _]esu_ _Versuchung:_ _Wegenrscheidung_
_am_ _Anfang_ (Tiibingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1986); L. Panier, _Recit_ _et_ _commentaires_ _de_
_Ia_ _tentation_ _de_ _jesus_ _au_ _desert:_ _Ap!J1·oche_ _semiotique_ _du_ _discours_ _interpretatif_ (Paris:
Cetf, 1984); P Pokorny, ''The Temptation Stories and Their Intention," _NTS_ 20

(1973-74): 115-27; B. Przybylski, 'The Role of Matthew 3:13-4: 11 in the Structure
and Theology of the Gospel of Matthew," BTB 4 (1974 ): 222- 35; H. Riesenfeld,
"Le caractere messianique de Ia tentation au desert," _La venue_ _du_ Messie (RechBib,
6; Bruges: Desclee de Brouwer, 1962), 51-63; idem, "The Messianic Character of
the Temptation in the Wilderness," in _The Gospel Tradition_ (Philadelphia: Fortress,
1970), 75- 93; J. A. T. Robinson, "The Temptations," in _Twelve New Testament Studies_
(SBT, 34; London: SCM, 1962), 53-60; L. Schaivo, "The Temptation of Jes us:
the Eschatological Battle and the New Ethic of the First Followers of Jesus in Q,"
_]SNT_ 25 (2002): 141- 64; J. Schlosser, "Les tentations de Jesus et Ia cause de Dieu,"

_RevScRel_ 76:4 (2002): 403- 25; A. J. Schmutzer, "Jesus' Temptation: A Reflection on
Matthew's Use of O ld Testament Theology and lmagety," _AT]_ 40 (2008): 15-42;
R. Schnackenburg, "Der Sinn der Versuchung )esu bei den Synoptikern," _TQ_ 132

(1952): 297- 326; idem, Schriften _zum Neuen Testament_ (Munich: Kosel, 1971), 101- 28;
W. A. Schulze, "Der Heilige tmd die wilden Tiere: Zur Exegese von Me 1,13b," _ZNW_
46 (1955): 280-83; P. Seidelin, "Zur Christologie der Versuchungsgeschichte bei

Matthaus und Lukas," _DT_ 6 ( 1939): 127- 39; F. Smyth-Fiorentin, "Jesus, le Fils du


170 Notes to Satan and the Visionary



Pere, vainqueur de Satan: Mt 4,1-11; Me 1, 12-15; Lc 4, 1-13," AsSeign 14 (1973):
56- 75; W. Stegemann, "Die Versuchung Jesu im Matthausevangelium: Mt 4, 1- 11,"

_EvT_ 45 (1985): 29-44; W. R. Stegner, "Wilderness and Testing in the Scrolls and
in Mt 4:1- 11," BR 12 (1967): 18-27; idem, "The Temptation Narrative: a Study in
the Use of Scripture by Early Jewish Christians," BR 35 (1990): 5- 17; H. Swanston,
"T he Lukan Temptation Narrative," _]TS_ 17 (1966): 71; A. B. Taylor, "Decision in
the Desert: The Temptation of Jesus in the Light of Deuteronomy," _lnt_ 14 (1960):
300- 309; N. H. Taylor, "The Temptation of Jesus on the Mountain : A Palestinian
Christian Polemic against Agrippa I," _]SNT_ 83 (2001): 27-49; ]. Theron, "Trinity

in the Temptation Narrative and the Interpretation of Noordmans, Dostoyevski, and
Mbeki," _JRT_ 1.2 (2007): 204- 22; J. W. van Henten, "The First Testing of Jesus: A
RereadingofMark 1.12-13," _NTS_ 45:3 (1999): 349-66; W. Wilkens, "Die Versuchung
Jesu nach Matthaus," _NTS_ 28 (1982): 479- 89.
3. Dupont, Les tentations _de_ _jesus au desert,_ 290; Fitzmyer, _The Gospel According_
_to Lui<e,_ 1.507- 508; Taylor, "The Temptation of Jesus on the Mountain: A Palestinian
Christian Polemic against Agrippa I," 33.

4. Taylor, "T he Temptation of Jesus on the Mountain: A Palestinian Christian
Polemic against Agrippa 1," 33.
5. "Moses entered the cloud, and went up on the mountain. Moses was on
the mountain for forty days and forty nights." (NRSV).

6. "He got up, and ate and drank; then he went in the strength of that food
forty days and forty nights to Horeb the mount of God." (NRSV).

7. For the discussion of the forty-day motif, see Garrett, _The_ _Temptations_ _of_
_Jesus_ in _Mark's_ _Gospel,_ 57; Gerhardsson, _The_ Testing _of God's Son,_ 41-43; Kelly, "T he



Devil in the Desert," 196.



8. 'Then Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo, to the
top of Pisgah, which is opposite Jericho, and the Lord showed him the whole land:
G ilead as far as Dan, all Naphtali, the land of Ephraim and Manasseh, all the land
of Judah as far as the Western Sea, the Negeb, and the Plain-tha t is, the valley
of Jericho, the city of palm trees- as far as Zoar. The Lord said to him, This is
the land of which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, 'I will give
it to your descendants'; I have let you see it with your eyes, but you shall not cross
over there'" (NRSV).



9. Dupont, 'Tarriere-fond biblique du recit des tentations de Jesus," 297.
10. _Pesil<ta_ _Rabbati_ ( ed. M. Friedmann; Wien, Selbstverlag des Herausgebers,
1886), 162a.



11. Cf. Orlov, _The_ _Enoch-Metatron Tradition,_ 286-88.



12. Gen 6:1-8: "When people began to multiply on the face of the ground,
and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that they were fair; and they

took wives for themselves of all that they chose. T hen the Lord said, 'My spirit shall
not abide in mortals forever, for d1ey are flesh; the ir days shall be one hundred twenty
years.' The Nephilim were on the earth in those days-and also afterward-wh en
the sons of God went in to the daughters of humans, who bore children to them.
These were the heroes that were of old, warriors of renown. TI1e Lord saw that the
wickedness of humankind was great in the earth, and that every inclination of the

thoughts of their hearts was only evil continually. And the Lord was sorry that he


Notes to Satan and the Visionary 171


had made humankind on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. So the Lord said,
'I will blot out from the earth the human beings I have created- people together
with animals and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have
made them.' But Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord." (NRSV).

13. _1_ En. 25:3 "And he answered me, saying: 'This high mountain which you
saw, whose summit is like the throne of the Lord, is the throne where the Holy and
Great One, the Lord of Glory, the Eternal King, will sit when he comes down to
visit the earth for good."' Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ Book _of_ Enoch, 2.113.
14. _Exagoge_ 67-90 reads: "Moses: I had a vision of a great throne on the top
of Mount Sinai and it reached till the folds of heaven. A noble man was sitting on

it, with a crown and a large scepter in his left hand. He beckoned to me with his
right hand, so I approached and stood before the throne. He gave me the scepter
and instructed me to sit on the great throne. Then he gave me a royal crown and
got up _fwm_ the throne. I beheld the whole eatth all around and saw beneath
the earth and above the heavens. A multitude of stars fe ll before my knees and I
counted them a ll. They paraded past me like a battalion of men. Then I awoke
from my sleep in fear." H. Jacobson, _The_ _Exagoge_ _of Ezekiel_ (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1983), 54-55.

15. On the celestial Curtain, _Pargod,_ as the heavenly cmmterpart of the _parohet,_
the veil of the earthly Temple, see A lexander, "3 Enoch," 1.296; Arbel, _Beholders_
_of Divine_ _Secrets;_ _Mysticism_ _and_ _Myth_ in _the_ _Held1alot_ _and_ _Mer/<.ava/1_ _Literature,_ 39,

100; H. Bietenhard, _Die_ _himmlische_ _Welt_ im _Urchristentum_ _und Spatjudentum_ (WUNT,
2; Tiibingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1951), 73ff.; F.T. Fallon, _The_ _Enthronement_ _of Sabaoth:_
_Jewish_ _Elements_ _in_ Gnostic _Creation myths._ (NHS, 10; Leiden: Brill, 1978), 55;
D. Halperin, _The_ _Merlwbah_ _in_ _Rabbinic_ _Literature_ (New Haven, Amedcan Oriental
Society, 1980) 169, note 99; 0 . Hofius, _Der Vorhang vor dem_ Thron _Gottes_ (WUNT,
14; Tubingen: Mohr/Siebeck, 1972), 17ff.; C. R. A. Morray-Jones, A _Transparent_
_lllusion:_ _The_ _Dangerous_ _Vision_ _of Water_ _in_ _Hehhalot_ _Mysticism:_ A _Source-critical_ _and_
_Tradition-historical Inquiry_ (JSJSS, 59; Leiden: Brill, 2002), 164ff; H. Ode berg, _3_ Enoch,

Ol' _the_ _Hebrew_ _Book of Enoch_ (New York: KTAV, 1973), 141; C. Rowland and C. R.
A. Morray-Jones, _The_ _Mystery_ _of God:_ _Early_ _Jewish_ _Mysticism_ _and the_ _New Testament_
(CRINT, 12; Leiden: Brill, 2009), 372.

16. Alexander, "3 Enoch," 1.295- 98.
17. The concept of jesus as the Last Adam can be found as early as Rom 5,
a reference that predates the Gospel accounts. For a discussion of this tradition, see
Garrett, _The_ _Temptations_ _of Jesus_ _in_ _Mark's_ _Gospel,_ 58.

18. Jar) Fossum's research demonstrates that the motif of the God's opposition
to the veneration of Adam by the angels appears in several forms in the rabbinic
literature. Fossum differentiates three major forms of this tradition: "(1) The angels
mistake Adam for God and want to exclaim 'Holy' before him, whereupon God lets
sleep fall upon Adam so it becomes clear that the latter is human; (2) all creatures

mistake Adam for their creator and wish to bow before him, but Adam teaches them
to render all honor to God as their true creator; (3) the angels mistake Adam for
God and wish to exclaim 'Holy' before him, whereupon God reduces Adam's size."
Fossum, "The Adorable Adam of the Mystics and the Rebuttals of the Rabbis,"

1.529- 39. An important similarity can be detected between these Adamic traditions


172 Notes to The Flooded Arboretums



and the Metatron accounts. In _b._ _Hag._ 15a God punished Metatron with sixty fiery
lashes. Alan Segal observes that "just as Metatron needed correction for the false
impression he gave Aher, so Adam needs correction for the false impression given
the angels." Segal, _Two_ _Powers_ _in Heaven,_ 112. Indeed, in the Adamic "two powers"
accounts, the protoplast is disciplined in various ways, including the reduction of
his stature. Thus, fwm _Gen._ R. 8:10 one can learn that when God created man in
his own image "the ministering angels mistook him [for a divine being) and wished

to exclaim 'Holy' before Him ... . What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do? He
caused sleep to fall upon him, and so all knew that he was [only a mortal] man."

Freedman and Simon, _Midrash Rabbah,_ 1.61. In the _Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba_ the angels'
erroneous behavior is explained through reference to Adam's gigantic body: "This

teaches that initially Adam was created from the earth to the firmament. When the
ministering angels saw him, they were shocked and excited by him. At that time
they all stood before the Holy One, blessed be He, and said to Him; 'Master of the
Universe! There are two powers in the world, one in heaven and one on earth.'
What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do then? He placed His hand on him,
and decreased him, setting him at one thousand cubits." !del, "Enoch is Metatron,"
226. For the Hebrew text, see S. Wertheimer, Batei _Midrashoc_ (2 vols.; Jerusalem:
Mosad Harav Kook, 1950-53), 2.333-477. _Pesiq._ _Rab_ _Kah._ 1:1 reflects the same
tradition: "Said R. Aibu, 'At that moment the first man's stature was cut down and
diminished to one hundred cubits.'" _Pesiqca_ de _Rab_ _Kahana_ ( tr. J. Neusner; 2 vols.;
Atlanta; Scholars, 1987) 1. L

19. On this tradition see Orlov, _The_ _Enoch-Metatron_ _Tradition,_ 165-76.


The Flooded Arboretums



L F. L Andersen, "The Sun in the Book of the Secrets of Enoch,"

_XpucmiaNCidii_ _BocmoKt>_ 4.10 (2006): 380-412; R. Bauckham, _The Face_ _of the_ _Dead._

_Studies_ _on_ _the Jewish_ _and_ _Christian_ _Apocalypses_ (NovTSup, 93; Leiden: Brill, 1998);
H. E. Gaylord, "3 (Greek Apocalypse of) Baruch," in _The_ Old _Testament Pseudepigraplw_

(2 vols.; ed. ). H. Charlesworth; New York: Doubleday, 1983-85), 1.653-79; M. L
Sokolov, "<l>eHHKC B anoKpmpax o6 EHoxe H Bapyxe," in _Hoenzii c6opuuK cmameii_
_no_ _CJI06fiHOeeoeHuJO,_ _cocmaeJJeHHblU_ _u u300HHbn"i y 'leHuKaMu_ _B.H._ _JlaMaHCKozo_

(C.-fleTep6ypr:Tanorpa<fJIDI MHHacTepcma flyTeii Coo6ll(eHa5I, 1905), 395-405.

2. R. Bauckham, "Early Jewish Visions of Hell," _JTS_ 41 (1990): 355-85,
esp. 372.

3. Ibid., 372.
4. Himmelfarb, _Ascent_ ro _Heaven_ _in Jewish and_ _Christian Apocalypses,_ 93.
5. For publications of the Slavonic MSS of 3 _Baruch,_ see E. Hercigonja,
"'Videnje Varuhovo' u Petrisovu Zborniku iz 1468 godine," _Zbomik_ _za_ _filologiju_ i
_lingvistiku_ 7 (1964): 63-93; H. E. Gaylord, "CnaBSlHCKHH TeKCT TpeTbeH KHHrH
Bapyxa," _Polata_ _Knigopisnaja_ 7 (1983): 49-56; Ivanov, _EozoMUJICKU_ _KHuzu u JleZeHI)u,_

193- 200; P. A. Lavrov, "OTKpoaeHHe Bapyxa," in _AnOJ(pupu'leCKue TeKCmbl_
( C6opHHK 0 TAeJieHH5l PyccKoro 513bJKa H CJwaecHoCTH MMrrepaTopcKoii
AKaAeM:aa H ayK, 67 .3; C.-lleTep6ypr: Tanorpa<fJIDI MMnepaTopcKoii AKaAeM.H:a


Notes to The Flooded Arboretums 173



Hayx, 1899), 149-151; S. Novakovic, "Otkrivene Varuhovo," _Starine_ 18 (1886):

203- 209; M. L Sokolov, "AnoKpHqm•recKoe 0TKpOBeHHe Bapyxa," _lf.peeHocmu._
_TpyObl_ _CnaeRHCKoii_ _KoMuccuu MocKoecKozo Apxeonozu•tecKozo 06u1ecmea_ _4.1_
(MocKBa: libmepaTopcKoe MocKoBcKoe Apxeononi'tecKoe 06n(eCTBo, 1907),
201- 58; N. S. Tihonravov, "OTKpoBeHHe Bapyxa;' in _AnoKpuljJu'leCKue_ _CKa:JaHuJ!_

(C6opHHK 0TAeJJeHHH PyccKoro 513bJKa n CnoaecHOCTH Y.bmepaTopcKoii
AKageMHFI H ayK, LVIIL4; C-TieTep6ypr: PoccniicKasr MMTiepaTopcKasr AKageMHH
Hayx, 1894), 48- 54.
6. J.-C. Picard, _Apoca.lypsis_ _Baruchi_ _Graece_ (PVTG, 2; Leiden: Brill, 1967).

7. Gaylord, "3 Baruch,"L655.
8. In his research Daniel Harlow supports this position, observing that "in
some instances the Slavonic likely does possess an equal or better claim to priority

than does the Greek, as is the case in chapters 4-5." D. C. Harlow, _The_ _Greek_
_Apocalypse_ _of Baruch_ _(3_ _Baruch)_ in _Hellenistic judaism_ _and_ _Early_ _Christiantity_ (SVTP,

12; Leiden: Brill, 1996), 40. See also his comment on p. 150: "certainly the Slavonic
presents a more coherent form of material in chapters 4- 5."

9. Gaylord, "3 Baruch," 1.657.
10. Some MSS read "two thousand." See Gaylord, "CnaBHHCKHH TeKCT
TpeTheii KHHrH Bapyxa," 52.

11. Slav. OypHJJh. Gaylord, "CnamiHCKHH TeKCT TpeTheii KHHrM Bapyxa,"
52; Slav. CapacaHJJb. Ivanov, _EozoMuncKu_ _KHuzu_ _u_ _nezeHou,_ 196. Variants of this
angel's name in the Slavonic manuscripts of 3 _Baruch_ show that the author/editor



knew the Enochic variations involving names Uriel, Phanuel, and Sariel.



12. Slav. CaranaHJJbiCoronaHJJb. Gaylord, "CnaBSUICKHH TeKcT TpeTbeil:
KHHfH Bapyxa," 52; Tihonravov, "OTKpoBemre Bapyxa," 48- 54. The Greek
manuscripts read :2:<lf!<l11A/L<lf!O'U11A- Picard, _Apocalypsis_ _Baruchi_ _Graece,_ 85.

13. After this verse, several Slavonic MSS of the Russian group contain the
following tradition: "And he said to Michael, 'Sound the trumpet for the angels to
assemble and bow down to the work of my hands which I made.' And the angel
Michael sounded the trumpet, and all d1e angels assembled, and all bowed down to
Adam order by order. But Satanael did not bow down and said, 'To mud and dirt

I will never bow down.' And he said, 'I will establish my throne above the douds
and I will be like the highest.' Because of that, God cast him and his angels from
his face just as the prophet said, 'These withdrew from his face, all who hate God
and the glory of God.' And God commanded an angel to guard Paradise. And they
ascended in order to bow down to God. Then having gone, Satanael found the
serpent and he made himself into a worm. And he said to the serpent, 'Open (your

mouth), consume me into your belly.' And he went through the fence into Paradise,
wanting to deceive Eve. But because of that one I was cast out from the glory of
God. And the serpent ate him and went into Paradise and found Eve and said, What
did God command you to eat from the food of Paradise? And Eve said, 'From every
tree of Paradise we eat; from this tree God commanded us not to eat.' And having
heard Satanael said to her, 'God begrudged the way you live lest you be immortal;
take and eat and you will see and give it to Adam.' And both ate and the eyes of
both were opened and they saw that mey were naked." Gaylord, "How Satanael Lost
His '-el,'" 305. For the Slavonic text, see Tihonravov, "OTKpOBeHne Bapyxa," 50.


174 Notes to The Flooded Arboretums



14. Slav. 11 Bb3aTb BbCb l(B1;Tb. Gaylord, "CnaBll.HCKHH TeKcT TpeTbeii



KHHrii Bapyxa," 52. This sentence about the destruction of all vegetation in the
garden is not included in Gaylord's English translation of the Slavonic version,

published in OTP. The reading, however, can be found in Gaylord's publication of
the Slavonic text of _3_ _Barnch_ in "CnaBSIHCKJIH TeKCT TpeTbeH KHIITH Bapyxa,"
52. See also Tthonravov, "OTKpoBeHHe Bapyxa," 5 L

15. Trans. Gaylord, "3 Baruch," 1.666. Here and later I use Gaylord's English
translation of the Slavonic version of _3 Barnch_ and follow his division of chapters and
verses. The Slavonic citat ions of 3 _Baruch_ are drawn from the fo llowing publications
of the Slavonic manuscripts: Hercigonja, '"Videnje Varuhovo' u Petrisovu Zbomiku iz

1468 godine," 63- 93; Gaylord, "CnamiHCKHH TeKcT T peTbeH KHRTH Bapyxa," 49- 56;
Ivanov, _Eo20MUJtCKU_ _KHU2U u Jle2eHOu,_ 193-200; Lavrov, "OTKpOBeHHe Bapyxa,"
149- 151; Novakovic, "Otkrivene Varuhovo," 203- 209; Sokolov, "AnoKp.a¢a•JeCKOe
OTKpoBeHHe B apyxa," 201- 258; Tihonravov, "OTKpoBeHae Bapyxa," 48-54.

16. K. Beyer, _Die_ _aramiiischen Texte vom Toten_ _Meer_ (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck
und Ruprecht, 1984); idem, _Die_ _aramiiischen Texte_ _vom_ _Toten_ _Meer._ _Ergiinzungsband_
(Gottlngen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1994); F. Garda Martinez, _Qumran_ _and_
_Apocalyptic:_ _Studies_ _on_ _the_ _Aramaic Texts_ _from_ _Qumran_ (STDJ, 9; Leiden: Brill,
1992); _]._ T Milik, _The_ _Booi<s_ _of Enoch:_ _Aramaic_ _Fragments_ _from_ _Qumran_ _Cave_ _4_

'
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1976); E. Puech, _Qumran_ _Grotte_ _4 (XXII)._ _Textes_ _Arameens._
_Premiere_ _Partie. 4Q529-549_ (DJD, 31 ; Oxford: C larendon, 2001); J. Reeves, _Jewish_
_Lore_ _in_ _Manicltaean_ Cosmology: _Studies_ in _the_ Book _of_ _Giants_ _Traditions_ (HUCM,

14; Cincinnati: Hebrew U nion College Press, 1992): L Stuckenbruck, _The_ _Book_
_of_ Giants _from_ _Qumran._ _Texts_ _,_ _Translation,_ _and_ _Commentary_ (TSAJ, 63; Tubingen:
Mohr/Siebeck, 1997).

17. W. B. Henning, "The Book of the Gian ts," _BSOAS_ 11 (1943-46): 52-74;
P. 0 . Skjrerv¢, "Iranian Epic and the Manichean Book of Giants. lrano-Ma nichaica

III," AOASH 48.1-2 (1995): 187-223; W. S undermann, "Ein weiteres Fragment
aus Manis G igantenbuch," in _Orientalia ).Duchesne-Guillemin emerita_ _oblate_ (AI, 23;
Leiden: Brill, 1984), 491- 505.
18. I use the Hebrew texts and the English translation of the _Midrash_ _of_
_Shemhazai_ _and_ _Azael_ pub lished in Milik, _The_ Books _of Enoch,_ 321- 28.



19. _The_ _Dead Sea_ _SC1·olls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 1063.
20. = Hahyah.



21. Milik, _The_ _Books_ _of Enoch,_ 325.
22. Ibid., 328.
23. In view of its extremely fragmentary nature, this evidence can be considered
only as tentative.
24. = Hahyah.
25. Henning, "The Book of the G iants," 57 and 60.
26. Ibid., 66.
27. Milik, _The_ _Books_ _of Enoch,_ 304.



28. Stuckenbruck, _The_ _Book_ _of Giants_ _from_ _Qumran,_ 114.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
3 L Reeves, _Jewish_ _Lore,_ 95.


Notes to The Flooded Arboretums 175


32. Ibid., 96.

33 . 6Q8 line 2: "its three roots [ . **.** . and] while l was [watching) came [. .]
a ll rhis orchard, and [ . . . ]." _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Scudy_ Edition, l 149.

34. Garda Martinez, Qumran _and_ _Apocalyptic,_ 101. See also Reeves, ./ewis/1.
Lore, 87 and 95; Milik, The _Boob of Enoch,_ 309.

35. Reeves, _]e<vish_ Lore, 95- 96; Stuckenbruck, The _Bool<_ _of_ Giants _{Tom_
_Qumran,_ 114- 15.

36. It should be noted that any arrangement of the fragments must be
considered tentative. On this issue, see L. T. Stuckenbruck, "The Sequencing of

Fragments Belonging to the Qumran Book of Giants: An Inquiry into the Structure
and Purpose of an Early Jewish Compos ition," _.ISP_ 16 (1997): 3- 24, esp. 10.

37. Reeves, _.Jewish_ Lore, 95.
38. The G reek version contains only a very short reference to Samael's planting
of rhe tree: "It is the vine which the angel Samael planted (£qnh£"1JO£v) by which
the Lord God became angered, and he cursed h im and his planting (1:lJV (j)"\J'tel!XV
a;\nou)." Gaylord, ".3 Baruch," 1.667; see also Picard, _ApOClllypsis Baruchi Graec.e,_ 85.

39. The commissioning of Michael for d1e mission of gathering two htmdred
thousand ange ls might allude to Michael's role in the _Book_ _of_ t-he _Watchers_ (I En.

10:11-15), where he is responsible for the affa irs connected with Shemihazah and
the Watchers.

40. That three angels mentioned in _3_ _Bar._ 4: 7 in conjunction with the two
hundred thousand angels might be a reference tO a tradition in which rhe three
principal angels (Raphael, Uriel, Gabriel) were called by the fourth principal angel,
Michael, to fu lfill God's command to plant the Garden. Another explanation of the
ange lic triad in _3_ _Bar._ 4:7 is that it could represent the leaders of the Watchers
group. T he later Enochic accounts often speak about three, not two, leaders of the
fallen Watchers. See _3 En._ 4:5-6: "And rhe Holy One, blessed be he, appointed me
(Enoch) in the he ight as a prince and a ruler among the ministering angels. Then
three of the ministering angels, Uzzah, Azzah, and Azael, came and la id charges
against me in the heavenly height." Alexander, "3 Enoch," 1.258. See also 3 En.
5:9: "[l)t was only because Uozah, Azzah, and Azael taught them sorceries rhat they

brought them down and employed them, for otherwise they would not have been
able _w_ bri ng then> down." Alexander, "3 Enoch," 1.260.
41. See I En. 6:6: "And they were in all two hundred, and they came down
on Ardis which is the summit of Mount Hennon." Kn ibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Boo!<_ _of_
_Enoch,_ 2 .68.
42. Andersen, "2 Enoch," 1. 130.
43. The possibility that the aurhor of _3_ _Baruch_ was cognizant of the myth of
the Watchers is supported also by d1e information fotmd in other parts of the book.
According to Bauckham, the aumor of _3_ _Baruch_ indeed knew about the story of
the Watchers. He suggests mat two groups of condemned angels in chapters 2 and
3 of _3_ _Bamch_ parallel two groups of Watchers in the second and fifth heaven from
2 En. 7 and 18. See Bauckham, "Early Jewish Visions of He ll," 3 72.
44. [ am indebted to Professor Michael Stone for this clarification.
45. See also 4Q504 8:4-6: "(. Adam,] our [fat]her, you fashioned in the
image ~, f [your) glory [ ... ] [ .. . the brearh of life) you [b] lew inw his nostril, and


176 Notes to The Flooded Arboretums



intelligence and knowledge [ ... ] [ .. . in the gard)en of Eden, which you had
planted .... " _The_ _Dead Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 1009.

46. Slav. IIoxoTh rpexoaHaro. Novakovic, "Otkrivene Varuhovo," 206.
4 7. Gaylord, "3 Baruch," 1.666.
48. _1_ En. 6:1- 2a: "And it came to pass, when the son of men had increased,
that in those days there were born to them fa ir and beautiful daughters. And the
angels, the sons of heaven, saw them and desired them." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ Book
_of Enoch,_ 2.67.

49. Milik, _The_ _Books_ _of Enoch,_ 327.
50. _Midrash of ShemhaztJ.i and Azael_ 1-4: "When the generation of Enosh arose
and practiced idolatry and when the generation of the flood arose and corrupted their
actions, the Holy One-Blessed be He-was grieved that He had created man, as it
is said, 'And God repented that he created man, and He grieved at heart.' Forthwith
awse two angels, whose names were Shemhaza i and Azael, and said before Him: '0
Lord of the Lmiverse, did we not say unto Thee when Thou didst create Thy world,
Do not create man?' The Holy One-Blessed be He-said to them: Then what shall
become of the world?' They said before Him: 'We w iII suffice (Thee) instead of it.'

He said: 'It is revealed and (welt) known to me that if peradventure you had lived
in that (earthly) world, the evil inclination would have ruled you just as much as
it rules over the sons of man, but you would be more stubborn than they.' They
said before Him: 'Give us TI1y sanction and let us descend {and dwelt} among the
creatures and then Thou shalt see how we shalt sanctify Thy name.' He said to
them: 'Descend an.d dwell ye among them.' Forthwith the Holy One allowed the
evil inclination to rule over d1em, as soon as they descended. When they beheld the
daughters of man that they were beautiful, they began to corrupt themselves with

them, as it is said, 'Wh en the sons of God saw the daughters of man, they could
not restrain their inclination.' " Milik, _The_ Books _of Enoch,_ 3 2 7.
51. "And he said to Michael, 'Sound the trumpet for the angels to assemble
and bow down to the work of my hands which I made.' And the angel Michael
sounded the trumpet, and all the angels assembled, and all bowed down to Adam
order by o rder. But Satanael did not bow down and said, To mud and dirt I will
never bow down.' And he said, 'I will establish my throne above the douds and I
wilt be like the highest.' Because of that, God cast him and his angels from his face
just as the prophet said, 'These withdrew from his face, all who hate God and the
glory of God.' And God commanded an angel to guard Paradise." Gaylord, "How
Satanael Lost His ' -el,"' 305.

52. "Forthwith arose two angels, whose names were Shemhazai and Az.ael,
and said before Him: '0 Lord of the universe, did we not say unto Thee when
Thou didst create Thy world, Do not create man?'" M ilik, _The_ Books _of_ Enoch, 327.

53. Henning, "The Book of the G iants," 63.
54. Slav. BhCh I.IB'tT'h. Gaylord, "CnaBHHCKHH TeKCT TpeTheif KHHnl
Bapyxa," 52.
55. Alexander, "3 Enoch," 1.260.
56. "For having walked in d1e stubbornness of their hearts the Watchers of the
heaven fell; on account of it they were caught, for they did not heed the precepts of
God. And their sons, whose height was like that of cedars and whose bodies were

like mountains, fell." _The_ _Dead_ _Sea_ _Scrolls_ _Study_ _Edition,_ 555.


Notes to The Flooded Arboretums 177


57. "outside ... and . .. left . . . read the dream we have seen. Thereupon
Enoch thus ... and the trees that come out, those are the Egregoroi, and the giants

that came out of the women. And ... over ... pulled out ... over .... "Henning,
"The Book of the Giants," 66.

58. It is possible that _3 Bar._ 4:3 also attests to the traditions of the giants. The
text says that Baruch's angelic guide showed him a serpent who "drinks one cubit
of water from the sea every day, and it eats earth like grass." This description might
allude to the appetites of the giants who were notorious for consuming everything
a live on the surface of the earth. The _Book of_ _the_ _Watchers_ and the _Book_ _of Giants_
attest to the enormous appetites of the giants. T he _Midrash of Shemhami_ _and_ _A_ _zael_
h as it that "each of them eats daily a thousand camels, a thousand horses, a thousand
oxen, and all kinds (of animals)." Milik, _The_ _Books_ _of_ _Erwch,_ 328.
59. Ibid.
60. The associations of Noah with the plant abound, e.g., _1_ _En._ 10:16: "Destroy
all wrong from the face of the earth .. .. And let the plant of righteousness and

truth appear." Knibb, _The Ethiopic Book of Enoch,_ 2.90. For a survey of the evidences,
see Reeves, _jewish Lore,_ 99- 100.

61. Scholars believe that 6Q8 li ne 2 also refers to the story of Noah and
his three sons.

62. Milik, _The_ _Books_ _of Enoch,_ 328.
63. Gaylord, "3 Baruch," 1.666.
64. Ibid., 1.668.
65. _1_ En. 10:1-3: "And then the Most High, the Great an.d Holy One, spoke
and sent A rsyalalyur to the son of Lamech, and said to him: Say co him in my name
' Hide yourself,' and reveal to him the end which is coming, for the whole earth will
be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come on all the earth, and what is in it will

be destroyed. And now teach him that he may escape, and (that) his offspring may
survive for the whole earth." Knibb, _The_ _Ethiopic_ _Book of Enoch,_ 2.87.

66. Sarasael represents here the corruption of Sariel, the angelic name of the
archangel Uriel also known in various traditions under the name of Phanue l. On t he
Uriel/Sariel/Phanuel connection, see O rlov, "The Face as the Heavenly Counterpart
of the Visionary in the Slavonic Ladder of Jacob," 2.59- 76.

67. Matthew Black observes that "the longer text of Sync. seems closer to an
original." Black, _The_ _Book_ _of Enoch_ or _1 Enoch,_ 133.

68. Milik, _The Books_ _of Enoch,_ 161-62.
69. Black, _The Book_ _of Enoch_ _or 1_ _Enoch,_ 30.
70. P. A. Tiller, "The 'Eternal Planting' in the Dead Sea Scro lls," _DSD_ 4.3
(1997): 312- 35, esp. 317. See also S. Fujita, "The Metaphor of Plant in Jewish
Literature of the lmertestamental Period," _}S}_ 7 (1976): 30-45.

71. J. C. VanderKam, _The_ _Book of jubilees_ (2 vols.; CSCO, 510-11, Scriptores
Aethiopici, 87- 88; Leuven: Peeters, 1989) 2.43.

72. Garda Martinez, _Qumran ana_ _Apocalyptic,_ 1-44.
73. Even though the _Book_ _of Noah_ is not listed in the ancient catalogues of
the apocryphal books, the wr itings attributed to Noah are mentioned in such early
materials as the _Book of Jubilees_ _Uub_ _._ 10:13 and _]ub._ 21:10), the Genesis _Apocryplwn_
from Qumran, and the Greek fragment of the Levi document from Mount Athos.
In addition to the titles of the lost _Book_ _of Noah,_ several fragmentary materials


178 Notes to The Flooded Arboretums



associated with the early Noachic traditions have survived. Most researchers agree

that some parts of the lost _Book of Noah_ "have been incorporated into _1_ _Enoch_ and
_Jubilees_ and that some manuscripts of Qumran preserve some traces of it." Garda



Martinez, _Qumran_ _and_ _Apocalyptic,_ 26.



74. _Jub._ lO:llb-14 "All of the evil ones who were savage we tied up in the
place of judgement, wh ile we left a tenth of them to exercise power on the earth before
the satan. We told Noah all the medicines for their diseases wi th their deceptions
so that he could cure (them) by means of the earth's plants. Noah wrote down in
a book everything (just) as we had taught him regarding all the kinds of medicine,
and the evil spiri ts were precluded from pursuing Noah's children. He gave a ll the
books that he had wr itten to his oldest son Shem because he loved him much more
than a ll his sons." YanderKam, _The_ _Book of Jubilees,_ 2.60.

75. The analysis demonstrates that, among the Jewish and Manichean materials
associated with the _Book of_ Giants, the _Midrash Shemhazai and_ _Azael_ shows the closest
proximity to the garden traditions folmd in 3 _Bar._ 4.
76. Daniel Harlow noted that the author of 3 _Bar._ 4 "put the Watchers' myth
on its head." Harlow, _The_ _G1·eek_ _Apocalypse_ _of Baruch,_ 59.

77. The depiction of the serpent in 3 _Baruch_ seems to allude to the enormous
appetites of the giants; see 3 _Bar._ 4:3 "And he showed me a plain, and there was a
serpent on a stone mountain. And it drinks one cubit of water from the sea every
day, and it eats earth li ke grass." Gaylord, "3 Baruch," 1.666.
78. YanderKam, _The_ _Book_ _of Jubilees,_ 2.28.
79. Gaylord, "3 Baruch," 1.659.


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# **Index**



Aaron, 28, 57, 64, 140, 148
Abe l, 2
Abih u, 46
Abraham, 2, 4, 6, 8, 13- 14, 16-18,



20- 21, 25, 27- 31, 36-49, 55,
64- 68, 79- 81, 132- 133, 135- 136,
141- 143, 147- 149, 154, 170
as fighter against idols, 31
as goat for YHWH, 38- 39, 147- 148



Aher, 172
Angel of Darkness, 13- 14, 147, 154
Angel of the Lord, 65, 166
angelic opposition, 100, 176
angelic veneration, 8, 90-92, 98,



100- 101, 104-106, 110-112,
162- 163, 171
_angelus_ _inrerpres,_ 8, 28, 49, 109, 114,
119
Ararat, 123
arboreal metaphors, 21- 22, 63, 117,
122
Ard is, 164, 175
Ark, 115, 121- 123, 153
Asael/Azazel, 4, 6- 7, 11- 12, 14-25, 29,



as priest, 29, 44-48, 55, 64-67,
147-149, 155
as seer, 4, 20-21, 25, 27, 68, 132
his corruption, 55, 81
his garment 8, 38, 55, 64-67, 80
abyss, 20-21, 38, 99
Acherusian, Lake, 151
Adam, 2, 4-6, 21, 23, 25, 50-51, 54,
57' 63, 66, 68- 73, 76, 86- 87'
91-92, 110-111, 113-115, 119


35-46, 48- 55, 66-68, 76-79, 97'
99, 129- 159, 167



120, 123, 125, 130, 139, 149- 153,
156-158, 160-163, 165, 171- 172,
175-176
as priest, 57, 152
creation of, 51, 110, 152, 161, 165
his anointing, 63
his burial, 63, 151
his exaltation, 5, 53, 86- 87, 91-92,
11 1
his garment, 50, 57, 71, 130,



as cosmic scapegoat, 7, 35- 38, 43-46
as "burning coal," 19, 136
as fallen priest, 29, 142
as impure bird, 18, 3 7, 68, 79
as leader of the fallen angels, 6, 8,
16, 79
as revealer of secrets, 79
as "rider," 11, 76- 77
his demotion, 55, 66
h is garment of darkness, 78- 79
his heavenly garment, 6, 48-55



his inheritance, 13- 15
his _kavod,_ 4, 11-12, 20-25
his lot, 38-42



149-153
his veneration, 90-92, 98, 100- 101,



h is theophany, 4, 18, 20- 25
h is theriomorphism, 77-78



104- 106, 110-112, 162- 163, 171
aeon of light, 1-2



197


198 Index



ascent to heaven, 56, 59, 61, 66, 86,

109, 141- 142, 165
atonement, 15, 33- 34, 37, 44, 55, 59,
146, 159
Azza, 91, 100-101, 163, 167


Balaam, 166
Bar-Eshath, 31
Baruch, 113-114, 120

Belial, 14, 40, 131, 134, 136, 147
Bogomils, 26, 144


Cherubim, 7, 23- 25, 53, 61, 70,

138- 139, 156
their union in the Holy of Holies,
24-25
Christ, 106


Dan, 162, 170
David, 127
Dreams, 115- 117, 121- 122, 128, 177
Dualism, 12- 13, 26, 133, 144, 154
Dudael, 36, 77, 167



156-158, 160-161, 163, 165-166,
173
_evil_ inclination, 119- 120, 176


Face, Divine, 31, 57, 79, 91, 93, 104,

109, 110, 112, 143. 164, 173, 176
Flood, 115- 11 7, 120-124, 161, 176



Hahyah/Hiyya, 115-118, 122, 174
_Hayyot,_ 102, 139
heavenly counterpart, 3, 61, 128, 171
Hell, 19-20, 98, 108, 136
Hermon, Mount, 64, 85, 89, 94, 119,



Gabriel, archangel, 52, 63, 98, 108,



114, 118-120, 151, 168, 175
Gadre' el, 166
Garden of Eden, 6, 21-23, 50, 56-57,
66, 68, 87, 108, 113, 121, 124,



150, 152, 160-161, 176
as the Holy of Holies, 56-57, 152
garments of skin, 50-52, 62, 71- 72, 152
garments of light, 51-52, 63, 72, 155
G iants, 37, 85, 88, 93-94, 113,



ll5- 117, ll9, 121- 122, 124, 145,
161-164, 177-178
Golden Calf, 31- 33, 46, 144



Elijah, 31, 108, 142- 143
_Endzeic,_ 1-2, 4, 127
Enoch, 1-3, 5, 37- 38, 50, 60-64, 67,
78, 87-92, 94-96, 98-104, 109,



162, 164, 175
_hieros_ _gamos,_ 25



113, 116, 119, 129, 147, 154,
161
as celestial choirmaster, 101-104
as cosmic dam, 124
as priest, 5, 38, 61-62
as second Adam, 87
his anointing, 63
his heavenly counterpart, 3
his luminosity, 50, 62-63
his metamorphosis, 50
his veneration, 90-92, 162
Enosh, 101, 121, 176
eschatology, 1- 5, 7, 11, 13- 18, 36,



High Priest, 8, 28- 29, 33- 34, 39,
42-44, 47-48, 57-60, 62, 65, 80,
103, 138, 140, 146-148, 153-154
his garments, 57- 58, 62, 65, 140, 153
Hiwwa, 116, 122
Holy of Holies, 4, 6-8, 19, 24-26,



33- 34, 38- 39, 48, 55-61, 66, 138,
146, 149, 153-154
Horeb, Mount, 29, 30, 34, 108, 142,



143, 170



39-40, 48, 50, 53, 56, 59-60, 63,
96, 127, 144, 147, 151, 160
Eve, 4, 6-7, 21- 22, 25, 51- 52, 57, 68,



70-75, 86-87, 113-115, 119-120,
123, 125, 130, 137, 139, 149-150,



idolatty, 31- 32, 34-35, 144, 176
idols, 18, 20, 28, 31, 46
Image, Divine, 51, 72- 74, 110-111,

167- 168, 172, 175
inheritance, 13, 15-16, 33, 45, 134, 136
Isaac, 36, 170


Index 199



Ishtar, 155


Jacob, 2-3, 128, 170
his h eavenly counterpart, 3, 128
his image, 128
Jared, 88, 100
Jesus, 2, 8, 106-108, 112, 127, 171
Jordan, River, 156
Joseph, 2
Joshua, 64-65


_Kavod,_ 4, 7, 11-12, 20, 26, 33, 104,

110-112
Korah, 28


Lamech, 123, 177

Levi, 28, 62-63, 65
his priestly garment, 62-63, 65
Leviathan, 21, 149
lots, 12-17, 27, 29, 35, 38-42, 129,
134- 136, 142, 144, 147
Lubar, Mount, 123



Name, Divine, 28, 34, 42, 102-103,



105, 140, 154- 155
Nar iman, 116
Nephilim, 170
Noah, 2, 36, 56, 115, 117, 121- 125,



153, 161, 171, 177-178
as angelomorphic being, 78
as "plant," 117, 121- 122



oath, 89, 94, 164
oil, 30, 52, 62-64, 72, 142
Other Side, 81, 144



_Pargod,_ 110, 171
_paroket,_ 171
Phanuel, 98, 173, 177
Prince of Lights, 13-14, 147, 154
protology, 1-2, 4-5, 20- 23, 25, 50, 56,



62-64, 68, 73, 77' 86-87' 92, 96,



Melchire~a<, 14, 40
Melchizedek, 14-15, 40, 108, 134, 147
_menorah,_ 62
Metatron, 23, 100, 102- 103, 110, 147,



100, 106, 109, 127, 130, 152
Protoplasts, 2, 4-6, 21, 23, 25, 50- 51,
54, 57, 63, 66, 68- 73, 76, 86- 87,
91-92, 110-115, 119-120, 123,
125, 130, 139, 149-153, 156-158,
160-163, 165, 171- 172, 175- 176
as "lower cherubim," 25
entwined, 4, 21, 139
their fall, 6, 23, 86-87, 119-120,



168, 172
as celestial choirmaster, 102- 103
as prince of the Presence, 23



as prince over all princes, 102
as Youth, 100, 102-103
Methuselah, 152
Michae l, archangel, 52, 62-64, 98, 110,



123, 158, 160-161
their garments, 50-53, 57, 71, 130,
149, 150-153
their nakedness, 51, 173
psychopomp, 8, 85, 108, 109



R. Aibu, 172
R. Eliazar, 138
R. Isaac, 76, 138
R. Isaac b. Jacob ha-Kohen, 107



114, 118-120, 151, 167- 168, 173,
175-176
Moses, 1-3, 30-34, 57, 64, 78, 108


110, 127, 142- 143, 170- 171
as angelomophic being, 78
his heavenly counterpart, 3
mythologies of evil, 7, 87, 90, 96-98,



R. Ishmael, 23, 37, 100, 110
R. Jose, 138
R. Judah, 76
R. Kattina, 24



100-101



Nadab, 46
Nahor, 29, 46

as priest, 29



R. Levi, 151
R. Meir, 52
R. Pinchas b. ]air, 138
R. Simeon, 76, 138, 140


200 Index



R. Simeon b. Gamaliel, 32
R. Simeon b. Menasya, 151
Raphael, archangel, 36, 77, 98-99, 114,
118-120, 167, 175
Resh Lakish, 24, 151



Samael, 76, 107, 124, 144, 147, 175
Sarasael, 115, 123, 177
Sariel, 123, 177
Satan/Saranael/Satanail, 5, 7- 8, 3 7,
53- 54, 65, 69- 76, 79, 85- 99,
106-115, 118-120, 124, 129, 139,
156- 160, 165- 166, 173, 176, 178
as angel, 69- 71, 165
as _angelus_ _interpres,_ 8, 108-109
as beast, 71- 73
as cherub, 70
as gardener, 119
as leader of the fallen angels, 96-98
as prince, 85, 88-90, 92-93, 97, 107,



Sinai, Mount, 1, 29-31, 33-34, 57,
108, 143, 171
"sinful desire," 113- 114, 118- 119
Solomon, 127
Son of Man, 3, 98, 166
symmetry, 1-4, 12, 17, 23, 53, 127, 129



transforma tional mys ticism, 67, 71-72,
112, 155
Tree of Life, 4, 22-23, 62-63, 66,
137
Tree of the Knowledge of Good and
Evil, 21, 23-25, 77
"two powers," 11, 133, 172



Temple, 5, 24, 28, 34, 48, 61, 66,
108-110, 140-141, 149, 152, 155,
171
Terah, 18, 29, 46, 49, 142, 147



as priest, 29, 46, 142
three watchers, 100-101, 167
Throne Room, 19, 25, 28, 39, 47, 56,
61, 64, 66, 68, 70
Tigris, River, 70-71, 156
Torah, 29- 30, 33- 34, 52



119, 139, 162
as psychopomp, 8, 109
as "rider," 76
as serpent, 7 4-77
his demotion, 69
his ga rment of glory, 54, 156
his invisibility, 74-75, 157
sa tans, 97, 166
scapegoat, 5-7, 35-38, 40, 42-46, 48,
55, 60, 66, 77- 78, 80-81, 144,
146, 154-155, 159
Seraphim, 102-103, 139
Serpent, 11, 21, 25, 50, 68- 72, 74- 77,



114, 124, 130, 137, 139, 147, 151,
155- 158, 160-161, 173, 177- 178
as androgyne, 71
as camel, 76-77
as lyre, 72, 75- 76
his glorious garment, 50, 130, 151
Seth, 2, 72-74, 152, 157
_Shavuot,_ 29- 30
_Shehhinah,_ 23, 103, 121, 143
Shem, 36, 178
ShemU1azah/Shemhazai, 85- 86, 100,



U riel, archangel, 109, 114, 118-120,

173, 175, 177
_Urzeit,_ 1- 2, 4, 127
Uzza, 91, 100-101, 163, 167, 175


Voice, Divine, 18-19, 132, 136, 161
Vrevoil, 109


Watchers, 2, 5-6, 8, 36-37, 60, 78,

85- 105, 109- 113, 116-117,
119- 120, 122, 124, 145, 148-149,
153, 160-162, 164, 166-167,
175- 178
as gardeners, 117
as stars, 78
as trees, 116
their oath, 89, 94, 164
their petition, 89, 162


Yahoel, 6, 11, 13, 16-17, 27-30, 37,
39- 40, 43- 44, 46- 48, 79-80,
142, 148- 149, 154



115, 175
_Shi<ur Qomah_ tradition, 99, 102-105
Simon, 42


as angel of the Name, 154
as _angelus_ _inter/}l·es_ _,_ 28, 49
as choirmaster, 43



as high priest, 28-30, 39-40,



43- 44, 47-48, 142, 148
as pteromorphic being, 27, 3 7, 79



Index 201


Yom Kippur, 6-7, 14, 25, 27, 29-49,
55--62, 66, 77, 80- 81, 134,

138, 144, 146, 149, 153- 154,
159


Zion, Mount, 57


.
~·